北京大学学报(医学版) ›› 2017, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 768-777. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2017.05.005
刘雪芹1, 闫辉1, 邱建星2, 张春雨1, 齐建光1, 张欣1, 肖慧捷1, 杨艳玲1, 陈永红1, 杜军保1
LIU Xue-qin1, YAN Hui1, QIU Jian-xing2, ZHANG Chun-yu1, QI Jian-guang1, ZHANG Xin1, XIAO Hui-jie1, YANG Yan-ling1, CHEN Yong-hong1, DU Jun-bao1
摘要: 目的 总结15例以肺高血压(pulmonary hypertension, PH)为突出表现的甲基丙二酸尿症(methylmalonic aciduria, MMA)患儿临床特点及基因检测结果,提高对甲基丙二酸尿症相关PH临床表现的认识及诊治水平。方法 回顾性分析2012年5月至2016年5月北京大学第一医院儿科诊断治疗的15例以PH为突出表现的MMA患儿临床特点、诊断治疗经过、基因突变分析及随访结果,MMA的诊断标准为尿中甲基丙二酸水平>正常值的100倍,检测血浆总同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)和脑利钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)水平。PH的诊断标准采用多普勒超声经三尖瓣反流估测的肺动脉收缩压(pulmonary arterial systolic pressure, PASP)>40 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。结果 (1)起病特点:15例患儿中男10例,女5例,年龄0.5~13.8岁,平均(5.0±4.3)岁,PH起病年龄(3.7±3.5)岁,其中早发型5例,晚发型10例,10例PH症状为MMA首发表现,5例在MMA起病后3~72个月出现PH症状。(2)临床表现:气促和/或呼吸困难11例,口唇发绀11例, 乏力和/或活动耐力下降6例,水肿4例;PH国际卫生组织功能分级(WHO FC)为Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅵ级6例,平均(3.1±0.8)级。(3)多系统损害:肾损害14例,表现为血尿及蛋白尿,5例为慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD),8例大细胞性贫血,4例伴轻-中度智力运动发育落后,5例亚临床甲状腺功能减低。(4)辅助检查:15例患儿经超声心动图三尖瓣反流测量的肺动脉收缩压49~135 mmHg,平均(90.3±23.9) mmHg;血浆总Hcy显著升高[35.0~221.0 μmol/L,平均(121.2±48.2) μmol/L],其中11例>100 μmol/L; 12例血BNP水平不同程度升高[21.0~4995.0 ng/L,中位值794 ng/L,其中12例>300 ng/L],血气分析发现存在不同程度低氧血症,动脉血氧饱和度平均81.4%±8.4%(70%~94%)。(5)肺部高分辨CT(high resolusion CT, HRCT):9例小叶中心磨玻璃密度结节及肺小叶间隔增厚,提示肺静脉闭塞病(pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, POVD),其中3例伴肺部炎症或肺水肿,另3例伴弥漫间质浸润呈网格样改变,提示肺间质病变。(6)基因检测结果:10例均为MMACHC基因复合杂合突变(cblC型),共发现5种已报道突变,其中10例c.80A>G突变,6例同时存在c.609G>A突变。(7)治疗及随访结果:所有患儿均给予羟钴胺肌肉注射及甜菜碱等治疗,11例给予肺动脉高压靶向药物,住院治疗后PASP、血Hcy、BNP均显著降低,2例死亡,13例随访11~64个月,平均(27.5±19.0)个月,临床症状均缓解,除1例外,肺动脉压力均在3~6个月恢复至正常,随访PH无复发,多系统损害明显恢复。结论 PH是MMA合并型的严重并发症,多发生于晚发型男性患儿,临床以气促、呼吸困难和发绀症状为突出表现,多存在低氧血症,HRCT多呈POVD改变,PH常与肾受累同时存在,及时诊断并给予针对MMA的治疗以及恰当抗PH治疗,肺动脉压力短期内多可恢复正常,重症患儿可危及生命。MMACHC基因c.80A>G可能是MMA相关PH的热点突变。
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