Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (2): 304-314. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.02.018

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Clinical outcomes following microsurgery and endovascular embolization in the management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: A meta-analysis study

YUAN Chang-wei,WANG Ying-jin,ZHANG Shu-jie,SHEN Sheng-li,DUAN Hong-zhou()   

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
  • Received:2020-02-12 Online:2022-04-18 Published:2022-04-13
  • Contact: Hong-zhou DUAN E-mail:duanhongzhou@126.com
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(81541119);Peking University First Hospital Cross Clinical Study Foundation;Youth Clinical Research Project of Peking University First Hospital(2019CR02)

Abstract:

Objective: To compare the clinical effect of microsurgery and endovascular embolization in the treatment of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) by meta-analysis. Methods: A systematic review was performed to retrieve all relevant literature about surgical treatment or endovascular embolization of SDAVF up to December 2019 through PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Results, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and SinoMed. The Chinese and English key words included: “SDAVF”, “spinal dural arteriovenous fistula”, “spinal AVM”, “spinal vascular malformation and treatment”. The included studies were evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The early failure rate, long-term recurrence, neurological recovery, and complications were evaluated and the clinical effects of the two methods in the treatment of SDAVF were compared by using RevMan 5.3 software. And a further subgroup analysis of the therapeutic effect of endovascular embolization with different embolic agents was conducted. Results: A total of 46 studies involving 1 958 cases of SDAVF were included, in which 935 cases were treated by microsurgery and 1 023 cases were treated by endovascular embolization. The funnel plot demonstrated that there was no publication bias. The results of meta-analysis showed that the incidence of early surgical failure was lower than that of endovascular embolization (OR=0.20, 95%CI: 0.13-0.30, P<0.05), and the long-term recurrence was also lower than that of endovascular embolization (OR=0.36, 95%CI: 0.22-0.58, P<0.05). The improvement of neurological function in the surgical patients is significantly higher than that in the patients treated with endovascular embolization (OR=2.86, 95%CI: 1.36-5.99, P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of complications in these two groups (OR=1.52, 95%CI: 0.88-2.64, P=0.14). In the cases of endovascular embolization, the risk of treatment failure or recurrence was higher with Onyx glue than with n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (NBCA), and the difference was statistically significant (OR=4.70, 95%CI: 1.55-14.28, P<0.05). Conclusion: Although the treatment of dural arteriovenous fistulas by intravascular embolization has been widely used, the clinical effect of microsurgery is still better than that of endovascular embolization. Large scale and high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to validate the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment in SDAVF patients.

Key words: Dura mater, Arteriovenous fistula, Microsurgery, Embolization, therapeutic, Meta-analysis

CLC Number: 

  • R744.1

Table 1

Study characteristics of included studies"

No. Author Year Study
type
S E Follow-up/
months
Initial failure
(S/E)
Late recurrence
(S/E)
Complications: S Complications: E NOS
score
1 Ushikoshi et al[5] 1999 RS 6 6 6 0/2 1/Not reported 1 transient deterioration
of paraparesis;
1 hemorrhage in
the medulla
oblongata
2 transient deterioration
of paraparesis;
1 transient
L4 radiculopathy
6
2 Song et al[6] 2001 RS 7 23 10.5 0/7 2/5 Not reported Not reported 6
3 Jellema et al[7] 2005 RS 12 24 1-120 0/0 0/8 Not reported Not reported 5
4 Andres et al[8] 2008 RS 4 17 12 0/4 Not reported/
Not reported
0 0 5
5 Narvid et al[9] 2008 RS 24 39 49 4/7 0/5 0 0 7
6 Park et al[10] 2008 RS 1 17 12-160 0/2 0/1 0 1 transient aortic
intimal dissection
5
7 Sherif et al[11] 2008 RS 7 19 24 0/0 0/2 0 0 5
8 Hessler et al[12] 2010 RS 54 102 24 0/21 2/6 Not reported Not reported 5
9 Shinoyama et al[13] 2010 RS 17 3 57 0/0 0/2 Not reported Not reported 6
10 Kaufmann et al[14] 2011 RS 33 1 Not reported 3/0 Not reported/
Not reported
Not reported Not reported 5
11 Ruiz-Juretschke
et al[15]
2011 RS 10 9 36 1/2 1/2 1 CSF fistula;
1 septic shock
secondary to
colon perforation
1 spinal cord
infarction
6
12 Cenzato et al[16] 2012 RS 55 10 36 0/3 Not reported/
Not reported
0 0 5
13 Cho et al[17] 2013 RS 5 23 20 0/2 0/2 1 CSF leak 3 temporary
thromboembolic symtoms;
1 temporary
radiculomedullary
artery spasm;
1 asymptomatic
aortic arch dissection
5
14 Clark et al[18] 2013 RS 8 15 32 0/2 1/6 Not reported 0 6
15 Gemmete et al[19] 2013 RS 4 29 Not reported 0/3 0/2 0 1 transient neurological
worsening due to
penetration of
embolic material
deep into
venous system
6
16 Inagawa et al[20] 2013 RS 2 12 5-97 0/4 0/1 0 1 transient gait
disturbance;
1 permanent
gait disturbance
5
17 Kirsch et al[21] 2013 RS 17 61 18 0/14 Not reported/
Not reported
1 transient
radicular pain;
1 transient paraperesis;
1 CSF leak
1 spinal cord infarction 5
18 Takai et al[22] 2013 RS 23 4 14 0/0 Not reported/
Not reported
1 CSF fistula;
1 wrong-level
laminectomy,
1 idiopathic
venous thrombosis
0 4
No. Author Year Study
type
S E Follow-up/
months
Initial failure
(S/E)
Late recurrence
(S/E)
Complications: S Complications: E NOS
score
19 Gokhale et al[23] 2014 RS 17 10 24 0/0 0/3 2 wound infections 1 spinal cord infarction 5
20 Qi et al[24] 2014 RS 40 12 Not reported 0/5 0/3 1 wound infection;
1 haematoma
0 4
21 Rashad et al[25] 2014 RS 9 3 3-24 0/1 0/1 Not reported Not reported 6
22 Yen et al[26] 2014 RS 2 10 6 0/2 Not reported/
Not reported
0 1 spinal cord
infarction; 1 brainstem
and cerebellar infarction
4
23 Chibbaro et al[27] 2015 RS 30 120 Not reported 0/2 0/6 0 Not reported 5
24 Özkan et al[28] 2015 RS 25 5 34.8 2/2 0/0 1 epidural haematoma 0 5
25 Shin et al[29] 2015 RS 6 9 27 0/0 Not reported/
Not reported
0 1 temporary cord
ischaemia
5
26 Sri et al[30] 2015 RS 2 36 10 0/18 0/1 Not reported Not reported 5
27 Zogopoulos et al[31] 2016 RS 3 11 25.5 0/3 0/1 1 CSF leak 1 transient lower
extremity weakness
6
28 Lee et al[32] 2016 RS 5 32 >24 0/12 Not reported/
Not reported
1 pseudomeningocele 0 5
29 Sasamori et al[33] 2016 RS 19 31 81.2 1/6 0/3 1 wound infection;
1 epidural haematoma;
1 subdural haematoma
1 spinal cord infarct;
1 aortic dissection;
two extravascular
dislocations of a
guide wire
6
30 Adrianto et al[34] 2017 RS 5 4 37 2/1 Not reported/
Not reported
Not reported Not reported 6
31 Durnford et al[35] 2017 RS 11 22 63 0/10 0/2 1 wound infection;
1 pseudomeningocele
2 intercostal artery
rupture with
retroperitoneal
haematoma; 1 DVT
6
32 Gross et al[36] 2017 RS 43 28 16 0/14 Not reported/
Not reported
1 epidural haematoma;
2 wound infections;
3 CSF leaks
2 radicular artery
ruptures; 1 transient
worsened numbness;
1 lower extremity
weakness
7
33 Koch et al[37] 2017 RS 14 20 9 0/7 0/0 1 symptomatic
pseudomeningocele;
1 wound seroma
2 microcatheter
ruptures
6
34 Ma et al[38] 2018 PS 81 13 12 0/3 0/1 1 surgical site infection 0 8
35 Bretonnier et al[39] 2019 RS 23 40 S: 21.7;
E: 34.3
1/12 6/3 2 epidural haematoma;
1 CSF leak;
1 wound infection
1 spinal cord infarction 6
36 Huang et al[40] 2003 RS 8 7 2-24 0/0 0/2 Not reported Not reported 5
37 Li et al[41] 2003 RS 98 12 3-120 0/0 Not reported/3 Not reported Not reported 5
38 Pan et al[42] 2005 RS 11 38 12-48 0/0 Not reported/0 Not reported Not reported 6
39 Yu et al[43] 2008 RS 16 5 2-120 1/1 Not reported/
Not reported
Not reported Not reported 4
40 Yu et al [44] 2012 RS 9 2 6-24 0/0 0/0 Not reported Not reported 5
41 Li et al[45] 2013 RS 14 9 6-30 0/2 0/2 Not reported Not reported 5
42 Qi XQ et al[46] 2014 RS 40 12 6-72 5/2 Not reported/2 1 wound infections;
1 epidural haematoma
Not reported 5
43 Zhao[47] 2014 RS 29 21 6-12 0/0 0/0 Not reported Not reported 4
44 Cai et al[48] 2018 RS 11 2 6 0/0 Not reported/
Not reported
Not reported Not reported 4
45 Zhang et al[49] 2018 RS 10 34 9 0/0 0/6 0 Not reported 5
46 Hu[50] 2019 RS 28 13 10-65 0/0 0/2 Not reported Not reported 5

Figure 1

Flow of study selection"

Figure 2

The forest plots of meta-analysis for rates of initial failure of microsurgery and endovascular embolization"

Figure 3

The forest plots of meta-analysis for rates of late recurrence of microsurgery and endovascular embolization"

Figure 4

The forest plots of meta-analysis for rates of neurological improvement of microsurgery and endovascular embolization"

Figure 5

The forest plots of meta-analysis for rates of complications of microsurgery and endovascular embolization"

Figure 6

The forest plots of meta-analysis for rates of treatment failure of Onyx and NBCA NBCA, n-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate."

Figure 7

The funnel plots for initial failure (A), late recurrence (B), neurological improvement (C), and complications (D) SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio."

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