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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (1): 154-160. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.01.023

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Characteristics of occlusal force and contact in 20 individual normal occlusion children with mixed dentition

Xiaoran WU*(), Yifan JIN, Ruisi XIAO, Peiwen LIAO, Yuanyuan WANG   

  1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2024-10-08 Online:2025-02-18 Published:2025-01-25
  • Contact: Xiaoran WU E-mail:cwyyd@126.com

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Abstract:

Objective: To measure and analyze the occlusal force and contact in children with mixed dentition, and to preliminarily provide baseline data on the occlusion of individual normal occlusion children with mixed dentition. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 20 children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion, consisting of 12 boys and 8 girls, aged 6.5-9.8 years. The Dental Prescale Ⅱ occlusal analysis system was used to measure the occlusal force and contact at the intercuspal position, including the maximum occlusal force (N) and the occlusal contact area (mm2) of the entire dentition, and the left and right sides, average occlusal pressure (MPa), maximum occlusal pressure (MPa), and to determine the position of the center of occlusal force. The gender differences in maximum occlusal force, average occlusal pressure, and occlusal contact area were analyzed, the bilateral symmetry of occlusion in children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion was compared, and the correlation between occlusal data and age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) was analyzed. Results: (1) The average maximum occlusal force of the entire dentition in the 20 children with mixed dentition at the intercuspal position was (869.18±106.64) N, the average occlusal contact area was (25.19±2.89) mm2, the average occlusal pressure was (34.37±5.98) MPa, and the maximum occlusal pressure M(P25, P75) was 120 (120, 120) MPa; (2) There was no statistically significant difference in the maximum occlusal force, average occlusal pressure, maximum occlusal pressure, and occlusal contact area between the left and right sides (P>0.05); (3) At the intercuspal position, the average occlusal contact area for 12 boys and 8 girls was (26.71±3.91) mm2 and (21.62±3.08) mm2 respectively, and the average maximum occlusal force was (911.92±145.05) N and (769.47±116.45) N respectively, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05), while there was no statistically significant difference in the average occlusal pressure between boys and girls (P>0.05); (4) The maximum occlusal force at the intercuspal position was weakly correlated with age (r=0.219, P=0.046), and strongly positively correlated with the occlusal contact area (r=0.949, P < 0.001), while the average occlusal pressure, maximum occlusal pressure, and occlusal contact area were not correlated with age, height, weight, or BMI; (5) The center of occlusal force in the 20 children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion was located in the molar region, with 7 children having the maximum occlusal pressure point only in the first permanent molar region, 10 children having it in both the deciduous molar region and the first permanent molar region, and 3 children having it only in the deciduous molar region. Conclusion: In children with mixed dentition and individual normal occlusion, the maximum occlusal force, occlusal contact area, average occlusal pressure, and maximum occlusal pressure at the intercuspal position show good bilateral symmetry; there are gender differences in the maximum occlusal force and occlusal contact area, with boys having greater values than girls; the maximum occlusal force is positively correlated with the occlusal contact area.

Key words: Mixed dentition, Intercuspal position, Maximum occlusal force, Occlusal contact area

CLC Number: 

  • R788.5

Figure 1

Occlusal force and contact image at intercuspal position The red arrow points to the occlusal contact point; the green arrow points to the center of occlusal force; and the yellow arrow points to the color bar that represents the occlusal balance condition, if it is within the green range, it represents the standard occlusal balance range; if it is within the yellow range, it indicates a slight deviation from the standard; if it is within the red range, it signifies a significant deviation from the standard balance. R, right; L, left."

Figure 2

Measurement of occlusion conditions in the molar region The occlusal contact points in the molar region were selected for measurement (white occlusal contact points within the frame). R, right; L, left."

Figure 3

Occlusal pressure segment in which the occlusal contact points cover the largest area of the occlusal contact A, the occlusal contact area and percentage of each pressure zone, for one patient, the zone with the highest proportion of total occlusal area was the 20 MPa segment; B, the distribution of occlusal points in the 20 MPa segment for the patient (green dots represent occlusal contact points), showing a widespread and even distribution in both the anterior and molar regions. R, right; L, left."

Figure 4

Point with maximum occlusal pressure among all the occlusal contact points A, indicates that the one patient’ s maximum occlusal pressure zone was 120 MPa, with an occlusal contact area of 0.56 mm2, accounting for 1.6% of the total occlusal area; B, show the distribution of the maximum occlusal pressure points (green occlusal contact points). R, right; L, left."

Table 1

Symmetry of occlusion in individual normal mixed dentition children"

Items Occlusal contact area/mm2 Average occlusal pressure/MPa Maximum occlusal pressure/MPa Maximum occlusal force/N
Right (n=20) 11.20 (7.30, 17.40) 34.60 (31.00, 39.45) 120.00 (109.65, 120.00) 430.00 (239.50, 529.78)
Left (n=20) 11.05 (7.60, 15.37) 34.20 (28.65, 38.95) 120.00 (95.67, 120.00) 350.00 (223.98, 598.98)
Z -0.467 -0.971 -1.014 -0.784
P 0.641 0.332 0.310 0.433

Table 2

Gender comparison of occlusion data in individual normal mixed dentition children"

Items Male(n=12) Female(n=8) t P
Occlusal contact area/mm2 26.71±3.91 21.62±3.08 2.570 0.012
Average occlusal pressure/MPa 33.93±6.66 35.40±4.34 -0.494 0.627
Maximum occlusal force/N 911.92±145.05 769.47±116.45 3.341 0.001

Table 3

Correlation of occlusion data with age, height, weight, and BMI"

ItemsOcclusal contact area  Average occlusal pressure   Maximum occlusal pressure   Maximum occlusal force
r P r P r P r P
Age 0.184 0.095   0.133 0.230   0.017 0.876   0.219 0.046
Height 0.063 0.574 0.029 0.794 0.022 0.841 0.071 0.524
Weight -0.002 0.987 0.042 0.705 0.005 0.962 0.023 0.835
BMI 0.143 0.196 0.271 0.301 0.362 0.100 0.382 0.615
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