Objective: To investigate the effect of preoperative condylar condition for mandible retrognathism deformities with severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis on the stability of the jaw after orthognathic surgery and on the postoperative condylar volume changes. Methods: In this retrospective study, from 2014 to 2019, 37 patients including 1 male and 36 female, aged between 21 to 34 years old with an average age of (28.03±6.52) years, were diagnosed with mandible retrognathism deformities with severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis by Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology and received orthognathic surgery, meeting the inclusion criteria were included. According to the preoperative condylar condition. There were divided into smooth group and non-smooth group, the lateral cephalometric films 1 week (T0), 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2) and 1 year (T3) after surgery were used to establish the coordinate system and cephalometric analysis to determine the stability of the jaw after operation. The three-dimensional model of the condyle was segmented by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) 1 week (T0), 3 months (T1), 6 months (T2) and 1 year (T3) after surgery and the volume was obtained to evaluate the change of the condyle volume after surgery. CBCT image data was used to evaluate the changes of the condylar condition after surgery, and to clarify the correlation between the postoperative condylar condition and jaw stability. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was used for statistical analysis, Fisher’s exact probability methods were used to compare whether there were statistically significant differences in the stability of the mandibular joint at stages T1, T2 and T3 with different preoperative condylar condition.Spearman correlation coefficient analysis and Mann-Whitney test were used to compare whether there were statistically significant differences in the volume changes at stages T1, T2 and T3 after surgery between the two groups. Results: The recurrence rates of the mandible in the condylar smooth group were T1 36.85%, T2 47.37% and T3 42.11%, respectively. The recurrence rates in the non-smooth condylar group were T1 27.78%, T2 44.44% and T3 55.56%, respectively. There was no statistical difference in the recurrence rates between the two groups at different time points. There was no significant difference in the condylar volume change between smooth group and non-smooth group. Conclusion: For patients with mandible retrognathism deformities with severe temporomandibular joint osteoarthrosis and no significant changes in the condyle observed for one year before surgery, there is no difference in the influence of the preoperative condylar condition on the stability of jaw after operation, and no definite influence on the volume of the condyle after operation. Condylar resorption 3 months after surgery can cause instability of the jaw after orthognathic surgery.