Objective: To examine whether community socioeconomic status is associated with self-rated health independent of individual socioeconomic status for urban and rural residents, and to provide policy implications for improving the health status of the socioeconomically underdeveloped communities in China. Methods: Based on the baseline data of China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) in 2010, principal component analysis was used to construct community socioeconomic index (SEI) based on average years of schooling, average income and average wealth at the community level. Community SEI was defined as the standardized first principal component score. In combination with the adult data from CFPS 2012 follow-up data, the multilevel Logistic regression model was used to analyze whether the community socioeconomic status had an independent contextual effect on the self-rated health of urban residents and rural residents after controlling individual-level socioeconomic status. Results: In the final analysis, 31 321 adult residents in 577 communities were included, of whom 8 423 were urban residents and 22 898 were rural residents. Community SEI ranged from -2.41 to 3.16, with a mean of 0 and a stan-dard deviation of 1. As the community SEI increased, the incidence of deprivations in different dimensions decreased, indicating the community socioeconomic status increased. The multilevel Logistic model controlling for both individual sociodemographic factors and community socioeconomic status showed that as the community SEI increased, the probability of poor self-rated health decreased, which indicated community SEI had a contextual effect on poor self-rated health. The contextual effect of community SEI on poor self-rated health was statistically significant for the rural residents (OR=0.84, 95%CI: 0.76-0.94) but not statistically significant for the urban adults (OR=0.94, 95%CI: 0.83-1.06). Conclusion: After controlling for individual socioeconomic status, community socioeconomic status was associa-ted with poor self-rated health for rural residents independent of individual socioeconomic status. Therefore, in order to improve the health status of the rural population, it needs not only individual-based health interventions, but also community-based health interventions.