1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
1.2 干预方案
1.2.1 对照组(常规管理)
1.2.2 干预组(常规管理+干预方案)
1.3 资料收集方法
1.4 资料整理与分析
1.4.1 干预效果评价指标
1.4.2 协变量指标
1.5 统计学方法
2 结果
2.1 研究对象基线特征
表1 研究对象基线特征Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants |
| Variable | All (n=200) | Control group (n=100) | Intervention group (n=100) | P value |
| Age/years | 30.16±3.97 | 29.83±3.95 | 30.49±3.99 | 0.244 |
| Gestational age/weeks | 11.31±1.56 | 11.26±1.52 | 11.35±1.61 | 0.504 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI/(kg/m2) | 27.88±3.25 | 27.68±3.03 | 28.08±3.45 | 0.596 |
| Overweight | 122 (61.0%) | 61 (61.0%) | 61 (61.0%) | >0.999 |
| Associate degree or above | 169 (84.5%) | 86 (86.0%) | 83 (83.0%) | 0.558 |
| Employed | 152 (76.0%) | 75 (75.0%) | 77 (77.0%) | 0.741 |
| Green score | 64.89±8.63 | 64.83±8.53 | 64.95±8.76 | 0.824 |
| Gravidity | 0.752 | |||
| 1 | 93 (46.5%) | 49 (49.0%) | 44 (44.0%) | |
| 2 | 70 (35.0%) | 34 (34.0%) | 36 (36.0%) | |
| ≥3 | 37 (18.5%) | 17 (17.0%) | 20 (20.0%) | |
| Primiparous | 133 (66.5%) | 69 (69.0%) | 64 (64.0%) | 0.454 |
| Natural conception | 188 (95.4%) | 95 (96.0%) | 93 (94.9%) | 0.747 |
| PCOS history | 25 (12.5%) | 10 (10.0%) | 15 (15.0%) | 0.285 |
| Diabetes family history | 46 (23.0%) | 24 (24.0%) | 22 (22.0%) | 0.737 |
| GDM history | 3 (1.5%) | 2 (2.0%) | 1 (1.0%) | >0.999 |
| Nausea | 126 (63.0%) | 63 (63.0%) | 63 (63.0%) | >0.999 |
| MET-min/week | 622.12±716.18 | 645.17±840.43 | 599.07±568.87 | 0.167 |
| Daily steps | 3 882±2 685 | 3 680±2 277 | 4 081±3 030 | 0.486 |
| Energy intake/(kcal/d) | 1 935±585 | 1 887±574 | 1 982±595 | 0.203 |
| Protein intake/(g/d) | 74.53±24.41 | 73.00±24.42 | 76.05±24.43 | 0.282 |
| Carbohydrate intake/(g/d) | 303.63±100.55 | 297.07±98.06 | 310.19±103.05 | 0.323 |
| Fat intake/(g/d) | 48.48±19.23 | 46.73±19.74 | 50.24±18.63 | 0.143 |
| DBI_P | 14.88±8.83 | 14.12±8.65 | 15.64±8.98 | 0.214 |
Categorical variables were presented as numbers (row percentages), and compared using Chi-square test or fisher exact test, continuous variables were presented as ${\bar x}$±s, and compared using student’ s t test. BMI, body mass index; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; DBI_P, diet balance index for pregnancy. 1 kcal≈4.19 kJ. |
2.2 干预效果
2.2.1 干预对孕期体重的影响
表2 干预组和对照组增重情况Table 2 Weight gain in the intervention and control groups |
| Variables | Intervention group (n=90) | Control group (n=88) | MD/RR (95%CI) | P value |
| GWG/kg | 5.00±3.72 | 6.57±4.28 | -1.63 (-2.80, -0.46) | 0.007 |
| GWG rate/(kg/week) | 0.19±0.14 | 0.25±0.17 | -0.07 (-0.11, -0.02) | 0.005 |
| T1-T2 GWG/kg | 4.53±2.79 | 5.80±3.94 | -1.33 (-2.33, -0.33) | 0.010 |
| T1-T2 GWG rate/(kg/week) | 0.31±0.19 | 0.40±0.27 | -0.09 (-0.16, -0.03) | 0.008 |
| 28-week GWG/kg | 5.57±3.78 | 7.83±4.40 | -2.23 (-3.40, -1.06) | < 0.001 |
| EGWG | 41 (46.1%) | 50 (58.8%) | 0.51 (0.27, 0.96) | 0.036 |
| IGWG | 25 (28.1%) | 16 (18.8%) | 1.94 (0.91, 4.09) | 0.084 |
| AGWG | 23 (25.8%) | 19 (22.4%) | 1.32 (0.66, 2.63) | 0.439 |
Categorical variables were presented as numbers (row percentages), and continuous variables were presented as ${\bar x}$±s. Generalized linear mixed models were adjusted for region, age, parity, gravidity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories, and socioeconomic status. MD, mean dif-ference; RR, relative risk; CI, confidence interval; GWG, gestational weight gain, refers to the weight gain up to 24-28 gestational weeks; EGWG, excessive gestational weight gain; IGWG, inadequate gestational weight gain; AGWG, adequate gestational weight gain. T1-T2 GWG refers to weight gain from baseline(8-14 weeks) to midterm (24-28 weeks). 28-week GWG refers to gestational weight gain up to 28 gestational weeks. |
2.2.2 干预对妊娠期糖尿病和空腹血糖的控制效果
2.2.3 干预对饮食运动行为的效果
表3 干预组和对照组的饮食运动情况Table 3 Diet and physical activity in the intervention and control groups |
| Variables | Intervention group (n=90) | Control group (n=88) | MD (95%CI) | P value | |||
| Baseline | Midterm | Baseline | Midterm | ||||
| MET-min/week | 599.1±568.9 | 1 070.8±831.0 | 645.2±840.4 | 681.6±551.6 | 412.70 (211.27, 614.13) | < 0.001 | |
| Daily steps | 4 081±3 030 | 5 213±2 382 | 3 680±2 277 | 3 795±2 386 | 1 189 (547, 1 830) | < 0.001 | |
| Energy intake/(kcal/d) | 1 982±595 | 1 804±537 | 1 887±574 | 2 032±736 | -250.2 (-441.9, -58.5) | 0.011 | |
| Protein intake/(g/d) | 76.05±24.43 | 77.83±21.75 | 73.00±24.42 | 82.65±28.15 | -6.03 (-13.41, 1.34) | 0.111 | |
| Carbohydrate intake/(g/d) | 310.2±103.0 | 265.6±103.6 | 297.1±98.1 | 306.0±124.1 | -43.41 (-77.42, -9.39) | 0.013 | |
| Fat intake/(g/d) | 50.24±18.63 | 51.19±14.50 | 46.73±19.74 | 55.69±23.28 | -5.26 (-10.99, 0.48) | 0.074 | |
| DBI_P | 15.64±8.98 | 13.60±9.17 | 14.12±8.65 | 15.33±9.87 | -2.32 (-5.04, 0.40) | 0.097 | |
Continuous variables were presented as ${\bar x}$±s. The baseline survey was conducted between 8 and 14 weeks of gestation, and the midterm survey was conducted between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation. Generalized linear mixed models were adjusted for region, age, parity, gravidity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories, and socioeconomic status. MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; DBI_P, diet balance index for pregnancy. 1 kcal≈4.19 kJ. |
2.3 敏感性分析
2.4 不良事件发生情况
2.5 干预效果影响因素分析
表4 不同特征孕妇的增重(kg)干预效果Table 4 Effects on weight gain (kg) in pregnant women with different characteristics |
| Variables | Intervention group (n=90) | Control group (n=88) | MD (95%CI) | P value | P value for interaction |
| Age | 0.191 | ||||
| ≥30 years | 5.53±3.29 | 6.25±3.44 | -0.90 (-2.30, 0.50) | 0.210 | |
| < 30 years | 4.32±4.15 | 6.83±4.90 | -2.30 (-4.20, -0.39) | 0.021 | |
| BMI categories | 0.982 | ||||
| Overweight | 5.71±3.34 | 7.36±4.34 | -1.40 (-2.90, 0.10) | 0.070 | |
| Obese | 3.84±4.05 | 5.31±3.93 | -1.49 (-3.45, 0.47) | 0.141 | |
| Region | 0.493 | ||||
| Weifang, Shandong | 5.21±3.67 | 7.34±4.70 | -1.76 (-3.48, -0.04) | 0.048 | |
| Tongzhou, Beijing | 4.78±3.80 | 5.61±3.52 | -1.30 (-2.92, 0.31) | 0.117 | |
| Parity | 0.882 | ||||
| Primiparous | 4.72±3.95 | 6.52±4.80 | -1.63 (-3.2, -0.07) | 0.043 | |
| Multiparous | 5.48±3.30 | 6.68±2.57 | -1.39 (-3.07, 0.29) | 0.111 | |
| Socioeconomic status | 0.834 | ||||
| Higher | 5.38±2.97 | 7.01±4.64 | -1.91 (-3.51, -0.32) | 0.021 | |
| Lower | 4.57±4.41 | 6.13±3.89 | -1.62 (-3.42, 0.17) | 0.080 |
Continuous variables were presented as ${\bar x}$±s. Generalized linear mixed models were adjusted for region, age, parity, gravidity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) categories, and socioeconomic status. MD, mean difference; CI, confidence interval. Overweight is defined as BMI ranging from 24 kg/m2 to less than 28 kg/m2, and obesity is defined as BMI of 28 kg/m2 or higher. Socioeconomic status is assessed using the Green score and scores above the median are categorized as the ‘higher’. |