Predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

  • Wenqiong WANG ,
  • Yuke HOU ,
  • Chun LI , * ,
  • Xuewu ZHANG , *
Expand
  • Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University People' s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
LI Chun, e-mail,
ZHANG Xuewu, e-mail,

Received date: 2022-09-01

  Online published: 2025-06-13

Supported by

China International Medical Foundation(Z-2018-40-2101)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Objective: To identify predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 318 SLE patients who delivered at Peking University People' s Hospital from May 2016 to September 2021. These patients were categorized into two groups The APOs group (n=85) and the non-APOs group (n=233). Various factors, including disease duration, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters, and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000 (SLEDAI-2000) scores, were analyzed for their association with APOs. SPSS 26.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean age of SLE patients in this study was (24.65±5.26) years. Among the 318 pregnancies studied, 302 (302/318, 94.97%) resulted in live births, while 16 (16/318, 5.03%) cases ended in stillbirths, with no neonatal deaths reported. Among the live births, 206 (206/302, 68.21%) were full-term infants, 65 (65/302, 21.52%) cases were small for gestational age (SGA), and 31 (31/302, 10.26%) cases were preterm. The SLEDAI-2000 scores were significantly higher in the APOs group compared with the non-APOs group (5.82±4.97 vs. 3.74±3.72, t=4.019, P=0.001), suggesting greater disease activity as a risk factor. Similarly, glucocorticoid doses were markedly higher in the APOs group [12.50 (7.50, 50.00) mg vs. 10.00 (5.00, 15.00) mg, P < 0.001], underscoring the link between disease severity and APOs. Univariate analysis revealed that lupus nephritis (31.76% vs. 21.03%, χ2=3.946, P=0.047), thrombocytopenia (24.71% vs. 9.01%, χ2=13.380, P < 0.001), hypocomplementemia (36.47% vs. 26.03%, χ2=4.847, P=0.028), antiphospholipid antibody positivity (20.00% vs. 11.16%, χ2=4.163, P=0.041), and absence of pregnancy treatment (21.18% vs. 11.59%, χ2=4.713, P=0.030) were associated with increased APOs risk. Multivariate Logistic regression identified thrombocytopenia (OR=2.671, 95%CI 1.309-5.449, P=0.007), hypocomplementemia (OR=1.935, 95%CI 1.104-3.393, P=0.021), and antiphospholipid antibody positivity (OR=2.153, 95%CI 1.054-4.399, P=0.035) as independent predictors of APOs. Conclusion: These findings highlight that certain clinical and laboratory features, including thrombocytopenia, hypocomplementemia, and antiphospholipid antibody positivity, are critical independent predictors of APOs in SLE patients. The study underscores the importance of close monitoring and proactive management of these risk factors to improve pregnancy outcomes in SLE patients.

Cite this article

Wenqiong WANG , Yuke HOU , Chun LI , Xuewu ZHANG . Predictors of adverse pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2025 , 57(3) : 599 -603 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.03.026

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE)是一种累及全身多系统的自身免疫病,好发于育龄期女性。随着SLE的治疗进展,SLE患者的生存率明显提高,其生活质量也有了很大的改善。虽然SLE并不影响女性的生育能力[1],但对妊娠结局却有较大影响。SLE患者在妊娠期间可能会出现病情加重或复发,导致肾功能恶化、高血压、先兆子痫、流产、胎儿宫内生长发育受限、早产及新生儿狼疮等发生风险增加[2]
SLE是孕产妇和胎儿死亡率升高的重要因素[3]。SLE女性的不良妊娠结局(adverse pregnancy outcomes, APOs)发生率显著高于健康女性[4]。一项涉及13 555例SLE妊娠的回顾性研究显示,与健康女性相比,SLE女性APOs的发生率更高,包括早产(OR:2.4)、非计划剖宫产(OR:1.7)和先兆子痫(OR:3.0)等[5]。APOs的发生不仅给母亲及胎儿带来生理痛苦,亦给家庭及社会带来负担,因此,寻找SLE患者APOs的预测因素,对于更好地指导怀孕时机及临床治疗具有重要意义。
本研究通过比较合并APOs及不合并APOs的SLE患者临床表现、实验室指标及治疗差异,分析SLE患者合并不良妊娠结局的预测因素,以便更好地指导临床诊治。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

收集2016年5月至2021年9月北京大学人民医院收治的SLE合并妊娠的患者318例。纳入标准:均符合1997年美国风湿病学会修订的SLE分类标准[6],并且有至少1次孕产史。排除标准:临床资料不齐全。
本研究经北京大学人民医院伦理委员会批准(批准号:2019PH085),符合赫尔辛基宣言关于将人类纳入研究的指南,所纳入的患者均签署知情同意书。

1.2 研究方法

收集SLE患者妊娠前已经出现或妊娠期新发的临床表现,包括蝶形红斑、光过敏、口腔溃疡、发热、关节炎、肌炎、浆膜炎、血管炎、狼疮肾炎、神经精神狼疮、血液系统受累等常见症状,以及孕期实验室特征,包括白细胞减少、贫血、血小板减少、低补体血症、抗dsDNA抗体阳性、抗磷脂抗体阳性。收集SLE患者妊娠期用药情况,妊娠期疾病活动度以SLE疾病活动度评分(systematic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000, SLEDAI-2000)表示,收集SLE患者妊娠期用药情况。APOs定义为:妊娠12周后胎儿死亡,在出院前因早产并发症导致新生儿死亡,妊娠36周前因妊娠期高血压、先兆子痫或胎盘功能不全而早产,以及小于胎龄儿(small for gestational age infant, SGA)[7-8]。狼疮性肾炎定义为:持续蛋白尿>0.5 g/d,或>+ + +,和/或有细胞管型,包括红细胞、血红蛋白、颗粒性、管状或混合型[9]。血液系统受累定义为:溶血性贫血[9-10];白细胞减少,两次或两次以上白细胞计数<4 000/mm3[9];血小板减少,排除药物干扰,两次或两次以上血小板计数<100 000/mm3[9]。根据患者是否存在APOs,分为APOs组和非APOs组,比较APOs组和非APOs组上述临床及实验室指标的差异,探索预测SLE患者发生APOs的危险因素。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0统计软件对数据进行分析,计数资料以频率和百分比表示,计量资料以$\bar x \pm s$表示,计数资料组间比较采用卡方检验,计量资料组间比较采用t检验或方差分析。选取单因素分析有统计学意义的变量纳入回归方程,采用Logistic回归进行多因素分析,以进一步研究APOs的危险因素。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 妊娠及胎儿结局分析

SLE平均发病年龄为(24.65±5.26)岁。318次妊娠中,娩出302个活产婴儿(302/318, 94.97%),16例(16/318, 5.03%)死胎,无新生儿死亡。活产婴儿中足月儿206例(206/302, 68.21%),SGA 65例(65/302, 21.52%),早产儿31例(31/302, 10.26%)。31例早产婴儿中,先兆子痫17例(17/31, 54.84%),胎盘功能异常8例(8/31, 25.81%),妊娠期高血压5例(5/31, 16.13%),妊娠期高血压合并胎盘功能异常1例(1/31, 3.23%)。

2.2 APO组及非APO组临床及实验室资料差异

85例(85/318, 26.73%)患者出现APOs,纳入APOs组,233例(233/318, 73.27%)未发生APOs的患者纳入非APOs组。APOs组狼疮性肾炎(31.76% vs. 21.03%, χ2=3.946, P=0.047)、血小板减少(24.71% vs. 9.01%, χ2=13.380, P < 0.001)、低补体血症(36.47% vs. 26.03%, χ2=4.847, P=0.028)和抗磷脂抗体阳性(20.00% vs. 11.16%, χ2=4.163, P=0.041)的发生率显著高于非APOs组。APOs组血小板计数较非APOs组显著降低[(118 434±89 431)/mm3 vs. (145 539±88 230)/mm3, t=2.380, P=0.018],差异具有统计学意义。APOs组的SLEDAI-2000评分显著高于非APOs组(5.82±4.97 vs. 3.74±3.72, t=4.019, P=0.001),表 1
表1 APOs组及非APOs组患者临床及实验室特征的比较

Table 1 Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics between patients with or without APOs

Items APOs group (n=85) Non-APOs group (n=233) t/χ2 P
Age at diagnosis of SLE/years, $\bar x \pm s$ 24.20±5.36 24.96±5.20 1.262 0.208
Disease duration/years, $\bar x \pm s$ 8.59±6.00 7.35±4.56 1.028 0.307
Clinical manifestations
    Malar rash, n (%) 23 (27.06) 60 (25.75) 0.055 0.814
    Photosensitivity, n (%) 8 (9.41) 18 (7.73) 0.236 0.627
    Oral ulcers, n (%) 5 (5.88) 7 (3.00) 1.421 0.233
    Fever, n (%) 24 (28.24) 61 (26.18) 0.134 0.714
    Arthritis, n (%) 21 (24.71) 54 (23.18) 0.081 0.776
    Myositis, n (%) 2 (2.35) 8 (3.43) 0.239 0.625
    Serositis, n (%) 4 (4.71) 11 (4.72) 0 >0.999
    Vasculitis, n (%) 2 (2.35) 1 (0.43) 2.466 0.116
    LN, n (%) 27 (31.76) 49 (21.03) 3.946 0.047*
    NPSLE, n (%) 3 (3.53) 7 (3.00) 0.056 0.812
    Haematologic disorder, n (%) 46 (54.12) 92 (39.48) 5.429 0.020*
Laboratory indexes
    Leukopenia, n (%) 10 (11.76) 34 (14.59) 0.418 0.518
    Anemia, n (%) 30 (35.29) 62 (26.61) 2.285 0.131
    Thrombocytopenia, n (%) 21 (24.71) 21 (9.01) 13.38 < 0.001*
    Hypocomplementemia, n (%) 31 (36.47) 56 (26.03) 4.847 0.028*
    Anti-dsDNA positivity, n (%) 20 (23.53) 42 (18.03) 1.202 0.273
    Antiphospholipid antibodies positivity, n (%) 17 (20.00) 26 (11.16) 4.163 0.041*
SLEDAI-2000, $\bar x \pm s$ 5.82±4.97 3.74±3.72 4.019 0.001*

APOs, adverse pregnancy outcomes; SLE, systematic lupus erythematosus; LN, lupus nephritis; NPSLE, neuropsychiatric system lupus erythematosus; Anti-dsDNA antibody, anti-double-stranded DNA antibody; SLEDAI-2000, systematic lupus erythematosus disease activity index 2000. *P<0.05.

2.3 妊娠期用药与不良妊娠结局分析

在用药方面,273例(273/318, 85.85%)患者在妊娠期采用药物治疗控制SLE病情,45例(45/318, 14.15%)SLE患者在妊娠期未应用药物治疗。APOs组患者妊娠期未用药的比例显著高于非APOs组(21.18% vs. 11.59%, P=0.030)。APOs组糖皮质激素用量显著高于非APOs组[12.50 (7.50, 50.00) mg vs. 10.00 (5.00, 15.00) mg, P < 0.001],在其他药物方面,包括羟氯喹(77.65% vs. 83.69%, P=0.214)、硫唑嘌呤(10.59% vs. 7.30%, P=0.343)、他克莫司(3.53% vs. 1.72%, P=0.587)、阿司匹林(10.59% vs. 12.88%, P=0.582)、低分子肝素(7.06% vs. 3.86%, P=0.234),两组之间的差异无统计学意义。

2.4 SLE患者APOs的危险因素分析

多因素回归分析中,低补体血症(OR=1.935, 95%CI: 1.104~3.393, P=0.021)、血小板减少(OR=2.671, 95%CI: 1.309~5.449, P=0.007)及抗磷脂抗体阳性(OR=2.153, 95%CI: 1.054~4.399, P=0.035)是不良妊娠结局的预测因素,而狼疮性肾炎(OR=1.803, 95%CI: 0.993~3.272, P=0.053)和妊娠期未接受治疗(OR=1.774, 95%CI: 0.859~3.664, P=0.121)不是SLE患者发生APOs的独立危险因素。

3 讨论

本研究发现APOs组SLEDAI-2000评分显著高于非APOs组,这表明妊娠期病情活动会增加APOs的发生风险。单因素分析显示,狼疮性肾炎、血小板减少、低补体血症、抗磷脂抗体阳性和妊娠期未接受药物治疗与SLE患者发生APOs相关,并且血小板减少、低补体血症及抗磷脂抗体阳性是SLE患者发生APOs的预测因素。
本研究中SGA比例居多,占胎儿娩出总数的21.52%(65/302),因妊娠期高血压、先兆子痫或胎盘功能不全导致早产占10.26%(31/302),死胎占5.03%(16/318)。一般人群中各种原因导致的早产为7.3%~11.3%,死胎仅为0.1%,SGA仅为5.3%~17.5%[5]。SLE患者发生上述APOs的概率高于一般人群。
本研究显示,APOs组血液系统受累(包括贫血、血小板减少及白细胞减少的发生率)显著高于非APOs组,且血小板减少是APOs发生的独立危险因素。血液系统受累在SLE患者中较为常见,如贫血和血小板减少,二者在SLE病程中相互影响,共同导致病情进展。血小板减少与血栓形成及妊娠并发症强相关[11]。胎盘早剥、早产和产后大出血,与怀孕期间合并贫血有关[12-13]。其他不良结果,包括孕产妇死亡、胎儿生长发育受限和死产等,在中重度贫血的患者中发生风险增加[12-13]。SLE易合并自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia, AIHA)[10]。在印度南部的一项研究中,结果观察到妊娠期合并AIHA与早产和低出生体重相关[14]。相关文献[15]亦有报道AIHA患者的胎儿发生严重溶血性贫血,这可能是由于合并AIHA的孕产妇IgG型抗体通过胎盘影响胎儿所致。在AIHA中,补体通路被过度激活,且与血栓形成密切相关[16];AIHA还具有高凝状态[17],凝血异常亦是发生妊娠并发症的危险因素[18]。本研究发现,血小板减少与SLE患者发生APOs强相关。妊娠过程中会出现生理性血小板减少,从妊娠初期开始逐渐减少,于分娩时达最低值,产后血小板水平逐渐恢复至孕前水平[19-20]。但病理性血小板减少威胁SLE患者的母婴安全,Reese等[21]发现血小板减少在有妊娠并发症的孕妇及无妊娠并发症的孕妇之间的差异有统计学意义。在妊娠过程中,血小板减少与先兆子痫密切相关[20],而先兆子痫/子痫和血小板减少是母婴不良结局的独立危险因素,不仅与胎儿死亡相关,亦可导致母亲在妊娠过程中SLE复发[22]。既往文献[10]提示,AIHA和血小板减少是重症狼疮的危险因素,可累及多器官系统如浆膜炎、肾炎及神经系统,因此,在SLE患者妊娠管理过程中,需重视贫血及血小板减少,严密监测,及时治疗。
本研究中低补体血症与SLE患者APOs的发生密切相关。Nalli等[23]的研究发现,孕前低补体水平(以补体C3为主)是导致早产和流产的显著危险因素。在Girardi等[24]的研究中证明了补体的激活,尤其是C5a,在动物模型中是导致胎盘和胎儿损伤的必要中间环节,并且补体激活导致胎盘正常发育所需的血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF)失调,游离VEGF缺乏可能会导致胎盘发育异常,继而导致胎儿生长受限或死亡,因此,从妊娠初期持续监测血清补体水平对于预测APOs、及时采取预防措施及保障母婴安全具有重要意义。
同时,本研究也发现狼疮性肾炎是SLE患者发生APOs的危险因素,这与既往研究[25-26]结论一致。活动性狼疮性肾炎可能会增加APOs的发生率,尤其是早产和妊娠期高血压;而有肾炎病史的患者妊娠期具有较高的子痫前期发生率[25-26]。研究[27]显示,即使是处于慢性肾脏病早期阶段的孕产妇,其妊娠结局也比一般人群更差,同时,该研究[27]发现在各系统受累病情得到控制后,蛋白尿>1 g/d是APOs的独立危险因素,因此,狼疮性肾炎会导致SLE患者APOs的发生。
抗磷脂抗体已被证明可以妨碍着床及胚胎生长发育[28]。抗磷脂抗体与不良妊娠结局,如死产、胎儿生长发育受限、先兆子痫、早产、胎膜早破等显著相关,并且抗磷脂抗体阳性的种类越多,发生不良妊娠结局的风险越大,与双阳性孕产妇相比,3种抗磷脂抗体均阳性的孕产妇发生产科并发症的风险明显更高[29]。在de Carolis等[30]的研究中发现,抗磷脂抗体阳性的患者发生APOs的风险升高。本研究与既往研究[29-30]结论一致,因此,所有SLE患者均应在孕前或孕早期监测抗磷脂抗体,在整个妊娠过程中需要更仔细地监测母亲和胎儿的健康。
所有SLE患者均应计划妊娠,尤其是应用可能致畸或流产药物控制SLE病情的患者[1]。大剂量糖皮质激素与糖尿病、高血压、先兆子痫和胎膜早破的风险增加有关,但可以短期使用以防止狼疮复发及控制病情进展[1]。2016年欧洲抗风湿病联盟(The European League Against Rheumatism, EULAR)在关于SLE患者孕前咨询和风险分层的建议中强调了羟氯喹的重要性,提出应尽量减少糖皮质激素的应用。同时,EULAR建议羟氯喹、口服糖皮质激素、硫唑嘌呤、环孢素A和他克莫司可用于预防或控制妊娠期间SLE复发。中至重度SLE复发可通过其他策略进行管理,包括糖皮质激素静脉冲击疗法、静脉应用免疫球蛋白和血浆置换等[31]。应该为SLE妊娠患者制定安全有效的治疗方法,从而有效控制SLE病情,改善患者预后,降低妊娠及胎儿不良结局的发生率。
本研究仍有如下局限性:这是一项单中心回顾性队列研究,包括相对少的神经精神狼疮患者和既往使用细胞毒性药物的患者,因此,需要大样本多中心研究验证本研究结果;我们评估了围产期和新生儿结局,但没有评估子代发育的长期结局,未来需要长期随访并进行系统分析。
综上所述,SLE患者比一般健康人群有着更高的APOs发生率,血小板减少、低补体血症及抗磷脂抗体阳性是SLE患者发生APOs的独立危险因素,这对于风湿病学及妇产科学专家监测SLE孕期母胎情况、制定个体化治疗方案具有指导意义。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  王文琼:提出研究思路,设计研究方案,收集、分析、整理数据,撰写论文;侯玉珂:收集、分析、整理数据;李春:提出研究思路,设计研究方案,总体把关和审定论文;张学武:提出研究思路,总体把关和审定论文。

1
Petri M . Pregnancy and systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2020, 64 (3): 24- 30.

2
中国系统性红斑狼疮研究协作组专家组, 国家风湿病数据中心. 中国系统性红斑狼疮患者围产期管理建议[J]. 中华医学杂志, 2015, 95 (14): 1056- 1060.

DOI

3
张学武. 系统性红斑狼疮患者的妊娠及用药[J]. 中国临床医生杂志, 2015, 43 (7): 19- 21.

DOI

4
Hamijoyo L , Martha JW , Hidayat S , et al. Risk factors for poor pregnancy outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus patients[J]. Acta medica Indonesiana, 2019, 51 (2): 102- 109.

5
Nakai T , Kitada A , Fukui S , et al. Risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Japanese systemic lupus erythematosus patients with prior severe organ manifestations: A single-center retrospective analysis[J]. Lupus, 2021, 30 (9): 1415- 1426.

DOI

6
Fava A , Petri M . Systemic lupus erythematosus: Diagnosis and clinical management[J]. J Autoimmun, 2019, 96 (1): 1- 13.

7
Yelnik CM , Laskin CA , Porter TF , et al. Lupus anticoagulant is the main predictor of adverse pregnancy outcomes in aPL-positive patients: Validation of PROMISSE study results[J]. Lupus Sci Med, 2016, 3 (1): e000131.

DOI

8
Kim MY , Buyon JP , Guerra MM , et al. Angiogenic factor imba-lance early in pregnancy predicts adverse outcomes in patients with lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies: results of the PROMISSE study[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2016, 214 (1): 108.e1- 108.e14.

DOI

9
Kaul A , Gordon C , Crow MK , et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2016, 2, 16039.

DOI

10
Velo-García A , Castro SG , Isenberg DA . The diagnosis and management of the haematologic manifestations of lupus[J]. J Autoimmun, 2016, 74 (9): 139- 160.

11
Artım-Esen B , Çene E , Șahinkaya Y , et al. Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopaenia in a single-centre cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from Turkey: Clinical associations and effect on disease damage and survival[J]. Lupus, 2019, 28 (12): 1480- 1487.

DOI

12
Shi H , Chen L , Wang Y , et al. Severity of anemia during pregnancy and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes[J]. JAMA Netw Open, 2022, 5 (2): e2147046.

DOI

13
Lin L , Wei Y , Zhu W , et al. Prevalence, risk factors and associated adverse pregnancy outcomes of anaemia in Chinese pregnant women: A multicentre retrospective study[J]. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 2018, 18 (1): 111.

DOI

14
Venkatachala RP , Sheela CN , Anandram S , et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anaemias in pregnancy: Experience in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India[J]. J Obstet Gynaecol India, 2021, 71 (4): 379- 385.

DOI

15
Laužikien D , Ramašauskait D , Lūža T , et al. Pregnancy induced autoimmune warm antibodies hemolytic anemia: A case report[J]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd, 2015, 75 (11): 1167- 1171.

DOI

16
Chapin J , Terry HS , Kleinert D , et al. The role of complement activation in thrombosis and hemolytic anemias[J]. Transfus Apher Sci, 2016, 54 (2): 191- 198.

DOI

17
Thornton P , Douglas J . Coagulation in pregnancy[J]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 2010, 24 (3): 339- 352.

DOI

18
Laude I , Rongières-Bertrand C , Boyer-Neumann C , et al. Circulating procoagulant microparticles in women with unexplained pregnancy loss: A new insight[J]. Thromb Haemost, 2001, 85 (1): 18- 21.

DOI

19
Ushida T , Kotani T , Moriyama Y , et al. Platelet counts during normal pregnancies and pregnancies complicated with hypertensive disorders[J]. Pregnancy Hypertens, 2021, 24 (2): 73- 78.

20
Subtil S FC , Mendes JMB , Areia ALFD , et al. Update on thrombocytopenia in pregnancy[J]. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet, 2020, 42 (12): 834- 840.

DOI

21
Reese JA , Peck JD , Deschamps DR , et al. Platelet counts during pregnancy[J]. N Engl J Med, 2018, 379 (1): 32- 43.

DOI

22
Liu J , Zhao Y , Song Y , et al. Pregnancy in women with systemic lupus erythematosus: A retrospective study of 111 pregnancies in Chinese women[J]. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2012, 25 (3): 261- 266.

DOI

23
Nalli C , Lini D , Andreoli L , et al. Low preconception complement levels are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multicenter study of 260 pregnancies in 197 women with antiphospholipid syndrome or carriers of antiphospholipid antibodies[J]. Biomedicines, 2021, 9 (6): 671.

24
Girardi G , Yarilin D , Thurman J M , et al. Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction[J]. J Exp Med, 2006, 203 (9): 2165- 2175.

25
Buyon JP , Kim MY , Guerra MM , et al. Predictors of pregnancy outcomes in patients with lupus[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2015, 163 (3): 153- 163.

26
Smyth A , Oliveira GHM , Lahr BD , et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and lupus nephritis[J]. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol, 2010, 5 (11): 2060- 2068.

27
Hladunewich MA . Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy[J]. Semin Nephrol, 2017, 37 (4): 337- 346.

28
Stern C , Chamley L . Antiphospholipid antibodies and coagulation defects in women with implantation failure after IVF and recurrent miscarriage[J]. Reprod BioMed Online, 2006, 13 (1): 29- 37.

29
Saccone G , Berghella V , Maruotti GM , et al. Antiphospholipid antibody profile based obstetric outcomes of primary antiphospholipid syndrome: The PREGNANTS study[J]. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2017, 216 (5): 525.el- 525.e12.

30
de Carolis S , Tabacco S , Rizzo F , et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome: An update on risk factors for pregnancy outcome[J]. Autoimmun Rev, 2018, 17 (10): 956- 966.

31
Andreoli L , Bertsias GK , Agmon-Levin N , et al. EULAR recommendations for women' s health and the management of family planning, assisted reproduction, pregnancy and menopause in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and/or antiphospholipid syndrome[J]. Ann Rheum Dis, 2017, 76 (3): 476- 485.

Outlines

/