Effects of retropubic and obturator urethral suspension on postoperative maximum flow rate and residual urine volume

  • Qi WANG ,
  • Hanwei KE ,
  • Zehua DING ,
  • Weiyu ZHANG ,
  • Xiaopeng ZHANG ,
  • Tao XU ,
  • Kexin XU , *
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  • Department of Urology, Peking University People' s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China

Received date: 2025-02-27

  Online published: 2025-08-02

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Abstract

Objective: To compare the changes of maximun flow rate and residual urine volume after tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) and trans-obturator tape (TOT) in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence in women. Methods: The clinical data of female patients with stress urinary incontinence who underwent transvaginal midsection tension-free urethral suspension in Peking University People' s Hospital from January 2022 to January 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. All the patients were followed up 1 month, 6 months and 12 months after surgery. Urodynamics were performed to evaluate urethral sphincter function before surgery. At the same time, B-ultrasonography was improved to determine the residual urinary volume of the bladder, and urgent incontinence, detrusor weakness and bladder outlet obstruction were excluded, and the diagnosis was clearly stress incontinence. Maximum flow rate and residual urinary volume were measured during follow-up, and combined with the urinary incontinence questionnaire of the International Urinary Incontinence Advisory Committee, the surgical effect was judged to be cured, improved or ineffective according to the degree of improvement of urinary leakage symptoms after surgery. Results: A total of 150 female patients with stress urinary incontinence were included in the study, the average age of the patients was (55.12±10.23) years old, and the follow-up time was 12 months. All patients completed postoperative follow-up, of whom 60 underwent TVT and 90 underwent TOT. The overall effective rates (cure + improvement) 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery in the TVT group were 93.3% (56/60), 91.7% (55/60), and 91.7% (55/60), and those in the TOT group were 92.2% (83/90), 90.0% (81/90), 90.0% (81/90), respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups. The average maximum urinary flow rates 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery in the TVT group were (17.21±4.22) mL/s, (18.05±5.33) mL/s, and (18.37±4.92) mL/s, and those in the TOT group were (18.21±5.32) mL/s, (19.05±4.33) mL/s, and (19.27±4.92) mL/s, respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups. The mean residual urine volume 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery in the TVT group was (13.21±5.22) mL, (18.25±5.33) mL, and (16.37±7.92) mL, and those in the TOT group was (11.21±6.32) mL, (13.05±5.33) mL, and (11.27±5.92)mL, respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups. Compared with preoperative levels, there were no significant differences in the average maximum flow rate and the residual urine volume in both group at 1, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Conclusion: Both TVT and TOT are effective in the treatment of stress incontinence, and have no effect on postoperative maximum flow rate and residual urine volume.

Cite this article

Qi WANG , Hanwei KE , Zehua DING , Weiyu ZHANG , Xiaopeng ZHANG , Tao XU , Kexin XU . Effects of retropubic and obturator urethral suspension on postoperative maximum flow rate and residual urine volume[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2025 , 57(4) : 717 -720 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.04.014

压力性尿失禁是中老年女性常见的泌尿系统疾病,严重影响患者的生活质量[1]。耻骨后尿道中段悬吊术(tension-free vaginal tape,TVT)和经闭孔尿道中段悬吊术(trans-obturator tape,TOT)是治疗压力性尿失禁的常用手术方式,其通过对尿道中段的支撑来改善尿失禁症状[2]。关于术后疗效和安全性,TVT和TOT都能很明显地改善尿失禁症状,且术后并发症的发生率也很低[3]。然而,目前少有研究关注手术对患者术后排尿功能的影响,如最大尿流率和残余尿量的变化,而这也是评估手术效果和患者恢复情况的重要指标。因此,本研究通过对TVT和TOT两种术式治疗压力性尿失禁后患者的排尿功能进行了12个月的随访,以进一步探讨其对术后最大尿流率及残余尿量的影响。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

回顾性收集2022年1月至2024年1月于北京大学人民医院接受经阴道尿道中段无张力吊带悬吊术治疗的女性压力性尿失禁患者,根据国际尿失禁咨询委员会尿失禁问卷表(International Consultation on Incontinence questionnaire short form,ICI-Q-SF)评分评估严重程度,所有患者均为首次接受尿失禁手术,术前均行尿动力学检查评估尿道括约肌功能,同时测定尿流率及膀胱残余尿量(B超),以除外急迫性尿失禁、逼尿肌无力、膀胱出口梗阻,明确诊断为单纯性尿失禁。

1.2 手术方法

1.2.1 TVT手术步骤

患者取截石位,以肾上腺素盐水在阴道与尿道之间注射水垫。距阴道外口1 cm处纵行切开阴道前壁长约3 cm,于耻骨上缘左、右两侧距中线2 cm处各切开1个横行小切口,长约0.5 cm。排空膀胱后从耻骨上切口处穿入引导针,经尿道两侧软组织自阴道切口穿出,膀胱镜观察确认引导针未进入膀胱及尿道内。将无张力吊带在引导针牵引下经隧道置人尿道中段,保持吊带与尿道间无张力,缝合阴道前壁及腹部口。再次膀胱镜观察以确认吊带未穿入膀胱,留置导尿管。

1.2.2 TOT手术步骤

患者取截石位,以肾上腺素盐水在阴道与尿道之间注射水垫。距阴道外口1 cm处纵行切开阴道前壁, 长约3 cm,充分游离尿道两旁间隙达耻骨坐骨支。分别于左、右大阴唇外侧平阴蒂水平切开1个斜行小切口,长约0.5 cm,于切口处穿入引导针,经闭孔及尿道两侧软组织自阴道切口穿出。以组织剪调节吊带位置,保持吊带与尿道间无张力,缝合阴道前壁及大阴唇外侧伤口。留置导尿管。

1.3 随访与观察指标

分别记录患者术后1、6、12个月时的ICI-Q-SF、最大尿流率、膀胱残余尿量(B超),同时记录术后并发症情况。手术疗效评价以患者主观感觉为标准:术后腹压增高后不自主漏尿症状消失判定为治愈;术后仍有腹压增高后不自主漏尿,但漏尿频率或量较术前减少,判定为好转;术后腹压增高后漏尿频率或量较术前无明显改善或加重,判定为无效。

1.4 统计学方法

采用SPSS 20.0统计学软件对数据进行处理。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,治疗前后的比较采用配对t检验,治疗后的组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(最小值~最大值)表示,治疗前后及组间的比较均采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。计数资料用例数(百分比)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 患者一般情况

本研究共纳入150例女性压力性尿失禁患者,平均年龄(55.12±10.23)岁,其中60例行TVT术(TVT组),90例行TOT术(TOT组)。TVT组平均年龄(54.65±11.23)岁,术前平均每日使用尿垫2.3片;ICI-Q-SF评分中位数为14(13~17),中度尿失禁49例(81.7%),重度尿失禁11例(18.3%);腹压漏尿点压(abdominal leak point pressure,VLPP)<60 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa)者6例(10%)。TOT组平均年龄(55.75±9.83) 岁,术前平均每日使用尿垫2.0片,ICI-Q-SF评分中位数为16(13~18),中度尿失禁75例(83.3%),重度尿失禁15例(16.7%);VLPP<60 cmH2O者8例(8.8%)。两组术前各项参数比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。
表1 两组女性压力性尿失禁患者术前与术后资料

Table 1 Preoperative and postoperative data of two groups of female patients with stress urinary incontinence

Items TVT (n=60) TOT (n=90) P
Age/years 54.65±11.23 55.75±9.83 0.12
Preoperative pads/(/d) 2(0-4) 2(0-4) 0.13
ICI-Q-SF
    Preoperative 14 (13-17) 16 (13-18) 0.41
    1-month postoperative 2 (0-7)* 3 (0-7)* 0.49
    6-month postoperative 2 (0-5)* 2 (0-5)* 0.43
    12-month postoperative 2 (0-6)* 2 (0-6)* 0.41
Maxium flow rate/(mL/s)
    Preoperative 20.13±3.21 21.01±3.28 0.39
    1-month postoperative 17.21±4.22 18.21±5.32 0.42
    6-month postoperative 18.05±5.33 19.05±4.33 0.51
    12-month postoperative 18.37±4.92 19.27±4.92 0.39
Residual urine volume/mL
    Preoperative 12.31±3.32 12.01±4.22 0.38
    1-month postoperative 13.21±5.22 11.21±6.32 0.24
    6-month postoperative 18.25±5.33 13.05±5.33 0.12
    12-month postoperative 16.37±7.92 11.27±5.92 0.13

Data are expressed as ${\bar x}$±s or M(min-max). *P<0.05, vs. preoperative.

本组150例患者均手术顺利,术中无膀胱穿孔、尿道损伤、大量失血等并发症,于术后第1天拔除尿管后出院。全部患者完成随访,随访时间为12个月。

2.2 两组手术疗效

术后1、6、12个月的ICI-Q-SF评分中位数TVT组分别为2(0~7)、2(0~5)、2(0~6),TOT组分别为3(0~7)、2(0~5)、2(0~6),均较术前有明显改善(P<0.05),但两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后1、6及12个月的总体有效率(治愈+好转),TVT组为93.3%(56/60)、91.7%(55/60)、91.7%(55/60),TOT组为92.2%(83/90)、90%(81/90)、90%(81/90),两组间同一时间点比较,差异无统计学意义。

2.3 两组术后最大尿流率及残余尿量

术后1、6及12个月的平均最大尿流率,TVT组为(17.21±4.22)mL/s、(18.05±5.33) mL/s、(18.37±4.92) mL/s,TOT组为(18.21±5.32) mL/s、(19.05±4.33) mL/s、(19.27±4.92) mL/s,与术前相比差异均无统计学意义,且同一时间点两组间比较差异亦无统计学意义(表 1)。术后1、6及12个月的平均残余尿量,TVT组为(13.21±5.22) mL、(18.25±5.33) mL、(16.37±7.92) mL,TOT组为(11.21±6.32) mL、(13.05±5.33) mL、(11.27±5.92) mL,与术前相比差异均无统计学意义,且同一时间点两组间比较差异亦无统计学意义(表 1)。

2.4 两组术后并发症情况

TVT组和TOT组分别有3例(5.0%)和1例(1.1%)发生术后排尿困难,两组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);给予口服α受体阻滞剂及再次留置尿管等处置,均于术后2周拔除尿管,术后1个月时症状缓解。两组均无吊带裸露、疼痛不适等并发症发生。

3 讨论

TVT和TOT对于女性压力性尿失禁的治疗主要是通过提高盆底肌张力、增加尿道阻力、增加尿道闭合压等来提高控尿能力[4],因此术后不可避免会出现一定程度上的最大尿流率减少和膀胱残余尿量增加,对于症状严重的患者,甚至还可能发生排尿困难及尿潴留等并发症,需要给予密切关注,有必要时应进行临床处理[5]。但目前TVT和TOT仍是治疗女性压力性尿失禁的首选方式[6]。本研究也证实了TVT和TOT治疗女性压力性尿失禁的有效性与安全性,发现TVT和TOT术后患者的症状均较术前明显改善,生活质量有所提高,且相应的并发症也较少,与既往研究结果一致。
从最大尿流率方面来看,虽然与术前相比差异并无统计学意义,但从数据的结果看,术后早期TVT组和TOT组的最大尿流率均有所降低,这表明吊带悬吊确实增加了一部分尿道阻力[7]。随着时间推移,两组最大尿流率又逐渐回升,这可能是由于术后尿道周围组织水肿以及网带对尿道的初始压迫逐渐缓解所致。此外,TOT组在术后6个月及12个月的最大尿流率均高于TVT组,虽然差异无统计学意义,但也在一定程度上说明经闭孔路径的TOT相较于经耻骨后途径的TVT,对尿道周围的阻力更小。这种因穿刺途径不同导致的尿道阻力差异,可以从侧面提示TOT治疗压力性尿失禁的有效率略低于TVT,与Nataie等[8]的研究一致。
本研究通过测定残余尿量来辅助验证术后排尿情况,无论是术后初期还是术后远期,两组患者的残余尿量较术前均无明显增加,但结合并发症的研究结果,可以发现TVT组术后排尿困难症状的发生率略高于TOT组,这与前述尿道阻力增加导致尿流率降低也是相符合的。既往研究也表明,术后出现排尿困难甚至尿潴留,多与吊带移位或放置偏紧有关,一般在术后1周内缓解,而较长时间的尿潴留(发生率为0.6%~3.8%)则需要切断吊带来恢复正常排尿[9]
对于术前排尿不畅的患者,有研究认为,由于TOT产生的尿道阻力更小,可能更适合于此部分患者[10]。但本研究受到样本量选择的限制,并未纳入合并逼尿肌无力或膀胱出口梗阻患者,因此,有待于后续进一步收集病例,以证实TVT和TOT两种术式对这类患者最大尿流率和残余尿量的影响。此外,本研究的随访时间为12个月,对于手术的长期效果,还需通过进一步随访来证实。
综上所述,TVT及TOT对压力性尿失禁的治疗效果好,术后并发症少,两种术式对膀胱功能正常的女性压力性尿失禁患者术后最大尿流率及残余尿量的影响没有明显区别。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  王起:设计研究方案、撰写论文;柯涵炜:设计研究方案;丁泽华、张维宇:收集、分析、整理数据;张晓鹏、徐涛:提出研究思路;许克新:总体把关和审定论文。

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