Development and dissemination of precision medicine approaches in gastric cancer management

  • Zhemin LI 1 ,
  • Jiafu JI , 2, * ,
  • Guoxin LI 3 ,
  • Ziyu LI 1 ,
  • Zhaode BU 1 ,
  • Xiangyu GAO 2 ,
  • Di DONG 4 ,
  • Lei TANG 5 ,
  • Xiaofang XING 6 ,
  • Shuqin JIA 7 ,
  • Ting GUO 8 ,
  • Lianhai ZHANG 1 ,
  • Fei SHAN 1 ,
  • Xin JI 1 ,
  • Anqiang WANG 1
Expand
  • 1. Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
  • 2. Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing 100142, China
  • 3. Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
  • 4. CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 5. Department of Medical Imaging, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China
  • 6. Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing 100142, China
  • 7. Molecular Diagnostic Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing 100142, China
  • 8. Gastrointestinal Cancer Translational Research Laboratory, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Key laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Beijing 100142, China
JI Jiafu, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-08-01

  Online published: 2025-08-28

Supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation(92259302)

the National Natural Science Foundation(31870805)

the National Natural Science Foundation(U20A20371)

the Beijing Hospitals Authority Talent Plan(DFL20181103)

the Beijing Hospitals Authority Talent Plan(SML20151001)

the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan Projects(D171100006517000)

the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Plan Projects(D171100006517004)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Gastric cancer is a high-incidence malignancy that poses a serious threat to public health in China, ranking among the top three cancers in both incidence and mortality. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, resulting in limited treatment options and poor prognosis. To address key challenges in gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment, a research team led by Professor Jiafu Ji at Peking University Cancer Hospital has focused on the project "Development and Dissemination of Precision Medicine Approaches in Gastric Cancer Management". Through a series of high-quality multicenter clinical studies, the team established a set of new international standards in perioperative treatment, individua-lized drug selection, intelligent noninvasive diagnostics, and novel immunotherapy strategies. These advances have significantly improved treatment efficacy and reduced surgical trauma, achieving key technological breakthroughs in diagnosis, therapy, and mechanistic understanding, and systematically enhancing outcomes for gastric cancer patients. The project ' s findings had a broad international impact, including hosting China ' s first International Gastric Cancer Congress. Through nationwide dissemination, they have promoted the development of precision diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer as a discipline, and led the formulation of the National Health Commission's guidelines for gastric cancer diagnosis and treatment. In recognition of its achievements, the project was awarded the First Prize of the 2024 Chinese Medical Science and Technology Award.

Cite this article

Zhemin LI , Jiafu JI , Guoxin LI , Ziyu LI , Zhaode BU , Xiangyu GAO , Di DONG , Lei TANG , Xiaofang XING , Shuqin JIA , Ting GUO , Lianhai ZHANG , Fei SHAN , Xin JI , Anqiang WANG . Development and dissemination of precision medicine approaches in gastric cancer management[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2025 , 57(5) : 864 -867 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.05.009

胃癌是严重危害中国人健康的恶性肿瘤,长期以来发病率和死亡率均居高不下。据中国肿瘤登记中心的数据显示,我国胃癌的每年新发病例超过40万,死亡病例近30万[1]。尽管近年来筛查手段逐步改善,但约80%的患者仍是在中晚期阶段才被诊断[2],治疗难、预后差。
本世纪以来,北京大学肿瘤医院作为主要研究中心,推动了以规范化诊疗为核心的胃癌综合防治体系在国内的应用。针对进展期胃癌,开展胃癌D2根治术的巡讲推广,并作为中国区的主要研究单位,牵头开展术后辅助化疗的CLASSIC研究[3]和晚期胃癌靶向治疗的ToGA研究[4],改变了中国胃癌的治疗格局,研究成果获得了2016年中华医学科技奖一等奖。
随着术前治疗、微创手术、智能诊断和免疫治疗等新技术的出现,胃癌的诊治出现了新的机会,东亚作为胃癌的高发地区,中、日、韩等国各自开展了多中心研究,以期更进一步提高进展期胃癌的治疗效果。项目组通过系列高水平临床研究,针对术前治疗路径优化、个体化治疗中的疗效预测、进展期胃癌微创手术、精准诊断、新型免疫治疗策略等多个关键科学问题开展了研究,建立多项国际标准,从诊断、治疗、机制等多个方面实现了胃癌精准诊疗技术领域的关键技术突破,系统性地改善了胃癌的治疗效果。

1 创建胃癌新辅助化疗的国际新标准,建立个体化治疗新方法,显著改善胃癌患者生存

进展期胃癌是中国患者的主体,分期晚、预后差,术前进行新辅助治疗理论上有望降低复发风险,提高患者生存。

1.1 率先开展胃癌新辅助化疗研究,创建进展期胃癌治疗的国际新标准

通过在国内率先开展“术前化疗+D2手术+术后化疗”综合治疗方式的探索,证实新辅助化疗可以实现肿瘤降期,从而创造根治手术的机会。通过国际最大宗病例数的Ⅲ期随机对照研究(RESOLVE研究),针对临床分期偏晚的cT4aN+的人群,将围术期综合治疗方式与“D2手术+术后化疗”的国际标准进行直接对比,最终证实围术期SOX组的3年无病生存较术后CapOx辅助组有显著提高(59.4% vs. 51.1%, HR=0.77, P=0.027)[5]。这一研究者发起研究(investigator-initiated trail, IIT)的结果成为局部晚期胃癌新的治疗标准,被写入日本和韩国的胃癌学会指南[6-7],以及中华医学会、中国抗癌协会、中国临床肿瘤学会等的学会指南。

1.2 通过标志物筛选和新型药敏模型,建立个体化治疗新方法

基于术前治疗的经验,项目组进一步结合新型分子标志物和药敏模型,解决个体化治疗的关键问题。通过构建新型“微肿瘤”药敏模型,保留原发肿瘤固有特征,将检测时间从3个月缩短到14天,药效预测准确性达到94%[8],文章发表后被同期述评配以“小小细胞球大有可为”的标题高度评价,认为其“克服了预测准确性及检测时间上的缺陷,具有良好的应用前景”。新辅助化疗胃癌肿瘤基因组进化图谱被首次描绘和报道,研究发现微卫星稳定评分和肿瘤突变负荷较高的患者难以从化疗中获益,证实c10orf71突变可致铂类药物耐药,并建立了一组预测新辅助化疗疗效的标志物,为化疗前精准筛选获益人群提供了理论指导[9]

2 开展国际一流微创手术研究,建立人工智能无创诊断体系,降低手术创伤与并发症

2.1 牵头全球微创研究,开拓化疗后微创手术领域

腹腔镜开辟了微创外科的新时代,但其能否应用于复杂的胃癌D2手术是学界的争议热点。为解决该难题,项目组牵头完成全球首个腹腔镜D2手术的Ⅲ期随机对照研究(CLASS-01),首次以一级证据证实微创手术在3年无病生存率上的非劣效性(76.5% vs. 77.8%,达到非劣阈值),该研究发表在JAMA杂志[10]。论文发表后得到美国、欧洲、日本、韩国和中国指南的一致推荐,标志着中国研究首次在国际顶级刊物中确立了胃癌微创标准,提升了中国技术在国际胃癌外科界的话语权。
项目组通过主持成立中国胃肠肿瘤外科联盟,牵头制定腹腔镜手术操作指南,推动中国腹腔镜手术比例持续上升,进一步创新性地将腹腔镜技术与术前新辅助化疗结合,完成了全球首个胃癌化疗后腹腔镜手术随机对照研究,证明腹腔镜手术可降低胃癌术后并发症(20% vs. 46%,P=0.007)[11]

2.2 建立国际领先的胃癌腹膜转移诊断体系

腹膜是胃癌最常见的转移部位,临床上诊断困难,漏诊率高[12]。项目组利用影像组学手段,结合胃癌原发灶和腹膜组织纹理特征,建立了胃癌腹膜转移人工智能双标诊断模型。外验证队列的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值可达0.92以上,大幅提高了影像诊断准确度,优化了诊疗决策路径[13]。研究发表当年即成为基本科学指标(Essential Science Indicators,ESI)数据库top 1%的高被引论文,在胃癌影像组学研究论文中被引用次数排名第一,自2019年起连续纳入中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, CSCO)指南。针对胃癌腹腔内游离癌细胞的诊断,开发腹腔游离癌细胞病理智能识别系统,该研究成果已获批专利并开发了智能诊断软件。

2.3 开展淋巴结术前精准预测的首个国际多中心研究

胃癌淋巴结转移与预后和手术范围密切相关,项目组提出了基于CT深层特征的淋巴结转移预测算法,构建了胃癌淋巴结分期的深度学习影像组学模型,并在中国和意大利的五家研究中心构建的数据集上进行了测试,结果显示其预测效能优于现有临床指标及主观诊断[14]。该研究同样是高被引论文,并得到英国皇家马斯登(The Royal Marsden)医院的临床研究主任同期述评的高度评价。

2.4 开发首个综合多种蛋白表达的胃癌预后分类模型

胃癌具有高度的异质性和复杂的组织病理学特征,其对于预后判断具有重要指导意义。项目组通过分析1 180例胃癌患者的免疫特征和癌症信号分子的表达和分布,开发并验证了由上皮-间充质转化标志物CDH1和5种免疫标志物组成的预后预测模型,能够有效预测胃癌患者的生存率[15]。此外,针对胃镜组织活检带来的创伤和依从性问题,项目组研发了一种外泌体液体活检的无创检测方法,诊断效能AUC为0.774[16]。以上研究成果已获得专利授权。

3 创建胃癌双抗免疫治疗新标准,建立基于组学数据指导的精准治疗模式

3.1 建立新型双抗免疫治疗新标准

与程序性死亡受体1(programmed death 1, PD-1)单药免疫治疗相比,抗PD-1和抗细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4, CTLA-4)的双抗免疫治疗表现出更高的有效率,但毒性更强。项目组通过联合创新模式,研发了新型的PD-1/CTLA-4双抗卡度尼利单抗,在提升疗效的同时可减少肿瘤细胞对相关免疫抑制通路的激活,并增强T细胞介导的免疫应答。前期的研究成果在2020年的美国癌症研究协会(American Association for Cancer Research,AACR)的年会上报道,初步疗效显示出了令人鼓舞的抗肿瘤活性,后续研究也达到了研究终点,即将成为新的胃癌一线治疗标准。

3.2 发现胃癌免疫调控及代谢重编程新机制,为基于组学数据指导的胃癌精准治疗提供新策略

多组学研究发现了一组与恶性表型、免疫逃逸及预后判断密切相关的新标志物,为胃癌发生、发展和药物靶点识别提供了新证据。通过功能基因组学方法发现胃癌程序性死亡配体1(programmed death-ligand 1,PDL1)表达的重要调控分子Trim28,可在转录水平和翻译后水平调控PDL1的丰度和免疫微环境,具有免疫治疗增效潜力[17]。通过临床队列分析发现,β-arrestin和胰岛素基因增强蛋白1(insulin gene enhancer protein 1,ISL1)(ISL1转录因子, LIM/同源结构域)c参与胃癌代谢重编程,机制研究揭示了β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1)与M2型丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase isozymes M2,PKM2)蛋白结合调控胃癌细胞代谢重编程的新机制,并发现对ARRB1-PKM2调控轴进行干预可有效抑制胃癌细胞的增殖[18]。同时我们的研究也证实,ISL1影响胃癌细胞的糖酵解重编程,葡萄糖摄取和乳酸生成减少,耗氧率(oxygen consumption,OCR)增加,胞外酸化率(extracellular acidification rate,ECAR)降低。机制研究表明,ISL1通过与葡萄糖转运蛋白4(glucose transporter protein 4,GLUT4)启动子结合来转录调节糖酵解重编程[19]
以上成果也得益于项目组建立的国际最大胃癌样本库的样本资源优势,并建立多组学大数据可视化分析平台和家族遗传性肿瘤基因突变数据库[20],填补了大数据和终端用户之间的鸿沟。
通过以上工作,项目组以胃癌诊疗中的关键问题为导向,实现了胃癌精准诊疗技术领域的关键技术突破,并通过推广应用显著推动了全国范围内胃癌治疗水平的提升,特别是推动了新辅助化疗和腹腔镜手术等新技术在国内的广泛应用。项目组通过主持制定多项行业和国家级胃癌诊疗规范,进一步促进了全国胃癌诊治理念的统一和技术的标准化,确保了诊疗过程的规范和高效。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  季加孚、李国新、李子禹、步召德、高翔宇、董迪、唐磊、邢晓芳、贾淑芹、郭婷、张连海、李浙民、陕飞、季鑫、王安强:负责本项目所涉及各项研究的思路,提出方案设计;李浙民:撰写文章;季加孚:总体把关和审定。所有作者均对最终文稿进行审读并确认。

获奖项目: 2024年中华医学科技奖医学科学技术奖一等奖

国家专利:预测受试者胃癌预后的系统,发明专利(ZLCN202010605501.8),2023;一种用于早期体腔内感染性并发症诊断的标记物及方法,发明专利(ZLCN201911188148.1),2023;血浆外泌体生物标志物在胃癌新辅助化疗敏感人群筛查或疗效预测中的应用,发明专利(ZLCN202210676338.3),2023;一种肿瘤标志物及其应用,发明专利(ZLCN201911117303.0),2022;一种肿瘤标志物及其应用,发明专利(ZLCN201910971098.8),2022

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