A follow-up study on total hip arthroplasty in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus combined with osteonecrosis of femoral head

  • Xiaolin WANG 1 ,
  • Shaoyi GUO 2 ,
  • Dazhao CHEN 2 ,
  • Xijie WEN 3 ,
  • Yong HUA 4 ,
  • Liang ZHANG , 2, * ,
  • Qin ZHANG , 5, *
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  • 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China
  • 2. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China
  • 3. Department of Orthopedics, Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine of Hebei Province, Cangzhou 061000, Hebei, China
  • 4. Department of Orthopedics, Gaotang County Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaocheng 252800, Shandong, China
  • 5. Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100010, China
ZHANG Liang, e-mail,
ZHANG Qin, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-08-12

  Online published: 2025-11-25

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Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the clinical results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) for the treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with end-stage osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH). Methods: Between March 2002 and June 2024, 235 SLE patients with end-stage ONFH who underwent 340 THAs were retrospectively reviewed. Before operation and at the last follow-up visit, the patient demographics, disease-related, hip and surgery-related, and laboratory parameters were collected via outpatient questionnaire, telephone, and online questionnaire. Objective clinical results were evaluated using the Harris hip score (HHS) system and subjective clinical results were evaluated using the short form-12 (SF-12) outcome score. The patient satisfaction at the last follow-up was evaluated by using a four-point scale with the options "very unsatisfied", "unsatisfied", "satisfied", or "very satisfied". Results: The median duration of follow-up was 58.0 (34.7, 101.2) months (12.4-283.2 months). At the last follow-up, the HHS increased from 32.0 (23.8, 39.3) before surgery to 88.0 (84.0, 91.0), the SF-12 mental component score (MCS) increased from 42.3(35.7, 48.7) before surgery to 52.3 (47.8, 55.9) and the SF-12 physical component score (PCS) increased from 36.8 (28.3, 43.4) before surgery to 52.0 (46.7, 54.5) (all P < 0.001). Evaluation of the hip satisfaction at the last follow-up showed that 58.8% (200 hips) were very satisfied, 35.3% (120 hips) were satisfied, 4.1% (14 hips) were less satisfied, 1.8% (6 hips) were very unsatisfactory, and the overall satisfaction rate was 94.1%. The postoperative systemic complications included pulmonary infection in 6 hips (1.8%), urinary tract infection in 10 hips (2.9%), cholecystitis in one hip (0.3%), intracranial infection in one hip (0.3%), cerebral infarction in 2 hips (0.6%), pulmonary embolism in 2 hips (0.6%), and atrial fibrillation in 2 hips (0.6%). Consequently, all hips were divided into those with systemic complications (25 hips) and those without systemic complications (315 hips). The results of intergroup comparisons showed significant differences in preoperative SF-12 PCS (P=0.031), postoperative SF-12 PCS (P=0.007), and postoperative HHS (P=0.005). The postoperative orthopedic complications included delayed wound healing in 28 hips (8.2%), joint noise in 11 hips (3.2%), periprosthetic infection in 3 hips (0.9%), dislocation in 3 hips (0.9%), and periprosthetic fracture in 2 hips (0.6%). All hips were divided into the delayed wound healing group (28 hips) and the normal wound healing group (312 hips). The results of intergroup comparisons revealed significant differences in preoperative SF-12 PCS (P=0.009), postoperative SF-12 MCS (P=0.025), and the proportion of THA using ceramic-on-polyethylene bearing (P=0.009) between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that preoperative SF-12 PCS (P=0.014, OR=0.94) and the use of ceramic-on-polyethylene bearing surface (P=0.014, OR=2.90) were associated factors for delayed wound healing after THA. Conclusion: The clinical results of THA reconstruction for the treatment of ONFH in SLE patients were reliable with high level of clinical scores and patient satisfaction. Unfortunately, a relatively high rate of systemic and orthopedic complications, including urinary tract infection and delayed healing of incision, deserved attention. Therefore, the perioperative management regimen should be emphasized in order to minimize the risk of postoperative complications.

Cite this article

Xiaolin WANG , Shaoyi GUO , Dazhao CHEN , Xijie WEN , Yong HUA , Liang ZHANG , Qin ZHANG . A follow-up study on total hip arthroplasty in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus combined with osteonecrosis of femoral head[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2025 , 57(6) : 1081 -1088 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.06.010

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种反复迁延的多器官受累的自身免疫性疾病,常见于育龄期妇女[1-2]。骨骼肌肉系统是SLE的重要受累器官,其中以骨坏死最具代表性和临床意义。SLE合并骨坏死的危险因素众多,包括糖皮质激素(corticosteroids,GCs)应用、高疾病活动度、基因易感性、血管炎、雷诺现象(Raynaud phenomenon)、高甘油三酯血症以及抗磷脂综合征(anti-phospholipid syndrome,APS)[3-5],其中以GCs最具临床意义。SLE合并骨坏死最常见的部位是股骨头,且以双侧受累为主。尽管近些年SLE整体预后特别是患者远期生存率显著改善,但仍有一定比例的SLE患者因股骨头缺血性坏死(osteonecrosis of femoral head,ONFH)的进行性受累而出现不可逆的疼痛、功能受限、畸形及临近关节症状。
已有研究证实,全髋关节置换术(total hip arthroplasty,THA)对于治疗SLE合并终末期ONFH有明确疗效,包括假体生存率、临床评分和影像学评估结果,但多为小样本的回顾性研究[6-9]。本研究通过回顾性分析单中心SLE合并终末期ONFH患者行THA的临床资料,旨在探讨其临床疗效和术后并发症发生情况。

1 资料与方法

1.1 一般资料

纳入标准:(1)根据美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)1997年修订的分类标准确诊为SLE;(2)合并终末期ONFH且具备THA手术指征。排除标准:(1)接受全髋关节翻修术患者;(2)数据收集不全者。根据上述纳入与排除标准,本研究纳入2002年3月至2024年6月首都医科大学附属北京积水潭医院矫形骨科收治的235例SLE合并终末期ONFH患者,均接受THA手术治疗,其中单侧置换130例,双侧一期置换26例,双侧分期置换79例,总计340例髋关节。
本研究已获得北京积水潭医院伦理委员会批准,伦理批号为202204-03号-备01号。患者均豁免知情同意。

1.2 观察指标及随访计划

由2名风湿免疫科医师和1名麻醉科医师负责收集基线资料,线下通过纸质版住院病例和电子版病历系统收集患者相关信息,线上通过问卷星系统补充采集其他数据。具体临床数据包括如下几个方面。
人口学和疾病相关参数:性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、SLE发病年龄、THA手术年龄、治疗间隔(THA手术年龄-SLE发病年龄)、合并APS、术前GCs应用剂量(转换为强的松等效剂量)、术前改善病情抗风湿药(disease modifying antirheumatic drugs,DMARDs)应用、术前生物制剂使用、术前SLE疾病活动度指数(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEDAI)和12项简明版生活质量短表(short form 12,SF-12)评分。其中SF-12评分包括心理功能评分(mental component score,MCS)和躯体功能评分(physical component score,PCS)。
髋关节及手术相关参数:侧别(左右侧)、手术入路[直接前路(direct anterior approach,DAA)或后外侧入路]、负重面(陶瓷头对陶瓷内衬或陶瓷头对聚乙烯内衬)、Harris髋关节评分(Harris hip score,HHS)。
实验室检查结果:白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)计数、血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、肌酐(creatinine,Cr)、补体C3和C4水平、抗双链DNA抗体(anti-double-stranded DNA antibody,anti-dsDNA)和尿蛋白(由尿常规获得)。
末次随访由未参与手术治疗的1名关节外科医师和1名风湿免疫科医师通过门诊问卷、电话或线上问卷星形式进行。髋关节主观评分采用HHS系统[10],客观评分采用SF-12系统[11]。患者术后满意度采用四度分级系统进行评价,包括非常满意、比较满意、较不满意和非常不满意,总满意度=(非常满意+比较满意)例数/总例数×100%。根据末次随访患者对髋关节满意度的评价结果,将患者分为满意组(非常满意+比较满意)和不满意组(较不满意+非常不满意)。常规记录患者术后并发症,包括内科并发症和骨科并发症。切口延迟愈合指切口在术后2~4周因各种原因未能如期愈合,主要表现为持续性渗液和局部炎症反应,但无深部组织外露和明确的全身感染迹象。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 23.0统计学软件进行数据分析,检验水准采用双侧检验。符合正态分布的计量资料用均数±标准差($\bar x \pm s$)表示,两组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料用中位数(四分位数)表示,两组间比较采用秩和检验。手术前后各参数比较采用配对t检验或配对秩和检验。计数资料用n(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。将单因素分析结果中具有统计学意义(P<0.1)的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归分析(向后逐步法),评估具有统计学意义的相关因素,以风险比(odds ratio, OR)、P值及95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示。

2 结果

2.1 末次随访髋关节评分和满意度

随访时间为12.4~283.2个月,中位58.0(34.7,101.2)个月。235例患者中,男38例(54髋)、女197例(286髋);SLE发病年龄5~62岁,中位28(22.0,37.8)岁;THA手术年龄16~73岁,中位35(27.0,47.0)岁;手术距SLE发病间隔0~35年,中位6(4.0,11.0)年(表 1)。
表1 内科并发症组和无内科并发症组的组间比较

Table 1 Intergroup comparisons between the systemic complications group and no systemic complications group

Variable Total (n=340) Without systemic complication (n=315) With systemic complication (n=25) Statistic P
BMI/(kg/m2) 22.3 (19.9, 25.3) 22.3 (20.0, 25.4) 23.4 (19.7, 24.2) Z=-0.10 0.922
Gender χ2=0.09 0.763
    Male 54 (15.9) 49 (15.6) 5 (20.0)
    Female 286 (84.1) 266 (84.4) 20 (80.0)
Age at surgery/years 35.0 (27.0, 47.0) 35.0 (27.0, 46.0) 36.0 (28.0, 51.0) Z=-0.88 0.380
Age at SLE onset/years 28.0 (22.0, 38.0) 28.0 (22.0, 37.0) 32.0 (25.0, 40.0) Z=-1.43 0.152
Treatment interval/years 6.0 (4.0, 11.0) 6.0 (4.0, 11.0) 4.0 (3.0, 7.0) Z=-1.21 0.225
Preoperative steroid dose/mg 5.0 (2.5, 10.0) 5.0 (2.5, 10.0) 5.00 (5.0, 10.0) Z=-1.48 0.139
Immunosuppressant use 277.0 (81.5) 256.0 (81.3) 21.0 (84.0) χ2=0.01 0.944
Biologic agent use 16.0 (4.7) 16.0 (5.1) 0 (0.0) χ2=0.44 0.507
Combined APS 17.0 (5.0) 16.0 (5.1) 1.0 (4.0) χ2=0.00 >0.999
Laboratory tests
    WBC/(×109/L) 5.7 (4.6, 7.0) 5.9 (4.6, 7.0) 5.6 (4.9, 6.2) Z=-0.74 0.460
    HGB/(g/L) 125.0 (116.8, 136.0) 125.0 (117.0, 136.0) 124.0 (116.0, 137.0) Z=-0.20 0.843
    ESR/(mm/h) 19.0 (11.0, 36.0) 19.0 (11.0, 36.0) 19.0 (13.0, 34.0) Z=-0.10 0.918
    CRP/(mg/L) 5.4 (3.0, 9.7) 5.4 (3.0, 9.7) 6.0 (3.7, 9.7) Z=-0.14 0.885
    C3/(g/L) 0.8 (0. 6, 1.0) 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) 0.7 (0.6, 1.0) Z=-0.58 0.565
    C4/(g/L) 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) Z=-0.45 0.650
    ALB/(g/L) 42.2 (39.7, 44.9) 42.2 (39.7, 44.8) 42.1 (39.8, 45.7) Z=-0.42 0.671
    BUN/(mmol/L) 5.1 (4.0, 6.2) 5.2 (4.0, 6.4) 4.5 (4.0, 5.6) Z=-1.34 0.181
    Cr/(μmol/L) 56.0 (47.0, 67.0) 56.0 (47.0, 67.0) 53.0 (48.0, 62.0) Z=-0.39 0.699
    Anti-dsDNA positive 78.0 (22.9) 74.0 (23.5) 4.0 (16.0) χ2=0.74 0.391
    Urine protein positive 137.0 (40.29) 125.0 (39.68) 12.0 (48.0) χ2=0.67 0.414
Surgery side χ2=1.22 0.270
    Left 185.0 (54.6) 174.0 (55.4) 11.0 (44.0)
    Right 154.0 (45.4) 140.0 (44.6) 14.0 (56.0)
Surgical approach χ2=0.05 0.830
    Posterolateral 316.0 (92.9) 292.0 (92.7) 24.0 (96.0)
    DAA 24.0 (7.1) 23.0 (7.3) 1.0 (4.0)
Bearing surface χ2=0.26 0.612
    Ceramic-on-ceramic 233.0 (68.5) 217.0 (68.9) 16.0 (64.0)
    Ceramic-on-polyethylene 107.0 (31.5) 98.0 (31.1) 9.0 (36.0)
Disease-related score
    SLEDAI 4.00 (1.0, 5.0) 4.00 (1.0, 5.0) 4.0 (1.0, 5.0) Z=-0.32 0.749
    Preoperative HHS 32.0 (23.8, 39.3) 32.0 (23.5, 38.5) 34.0 (26.0, 41.0) Z=-0.49 0.624
    Preoperative SF-12 PCS 36.8 (28.3, 43.4) 36.8 (29.5, 43.5) 32.2 (25.1, 39.1) Z=-2.16 0.031
    Preoperative SF-12 MCS 42.3 (35.7, 48.7) 42.3 (35.8, 48.7) 42.5 (35.5, 48.5) Z=-0.38 0.704
    Postoperative HHS 88.0 (84.0, 91.0) 88.0 (85.0, 91.0) 85.0 (82.0, 88.0) Z=-2.79 0.005
    Postoperative SF-12 PCS 52.0 (46.7, 54.5) 52.0 (47.8, 54.5) 46.7 (37.8, 52.9) Z=-2.72 0.007
    Postoperative SF-12 MCS 52.3 (47.8, 55.9) 52.3 (48.0, 55.9) 50.2 (45.6, 55.6) Z=-0.98 0.329

Data are expressed as M (Q1, Q3) or n(%). BMI, body mass index; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; WBC, white blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; C3, complement 3; C4, complement 4; ALB, albumin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Anti-dsDNA, anti-double-stranded DNA antibody; DAA, direct anterior approach; SLEDAI, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; HHS, Harris hip score; SF-12, short form 12; PCS, physical component score; MCS, mental component score.

末次随访时,HHS从术前32.0 (23.8,39.3)分提高至88.0(84.0, 91.0)分,SF-12 MCS从术前42.3(35.7, 48.7)分提高至52.3(47.8,55.9)分,SF-12 PCS从术前36.8(28.3,43.4)分提高至52.0(46.7, 54.5)分(P均 < 0.001,表 1)。患者对髋关节满意度的评价结果显示,200髋(58.8%)为非常满意,120髋(35.3%)为比较满意,14髋(4.1%)为较不满意,6髋(1.8%)为非常不满意,患者髋关节总满意度为94.1%。
术后内科并发症共发生于24例髋关节置换术(7.1%),其中肺部感染6例(1.8%)、泌尿系统感染10例(2.9%)、胆囊炎1例(0.3%)、颅内感染1例(0.3%)、脑梗塞2例(0.6%)、肺栓塞2例(0.6%)、房颤2例(0.6%)。无围手术期死亡病例。术后骨科并发症共发生于47例髋关节置换术(13.8%),其中切口延迟愈合28例(8.2%)、关节弹响11例(3.2%)、假体周围感染3例(0.9%)、脱位3例(0.9%)、假体周围骨折2例(0.6%)。

2.2 术后内科并发症的组间比较

根据术后内科并发症结果,将患者分为内科并发症组(25髋)和无内科并发症组(315髋)。组间比较结果显示,术前SF-12 PCS(P=0.031)、术后SF-12 PCS(P=0.007)及术后HHS(P=0.005)差异存在统计学意义(表 1)。

2.3 影响患者术后切口延迟愈合的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析

根据术后骨科并发症结果,将患者分为切口延迟愈合组(28髋)和正常愈合组(312髋)。组间比较结果显示,术前SF-12 PCS(P=0.009)、术后SF-12 MCS(P=0.025)以及使用陶瓷对聚乙烯负重面的髋关节占比(P=0.009)差异存在统计学意义(表 2)。以THA术后发生切口延迟愈合为因变量,以影响切口愈合的相关因素为自变量,对单因素分析结果中差异有统计学意义的因素进行赋值。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,术前SF-12 PCS(P=0.014,OR=0.94)和是否使用陶瓷对聚乙烯负重面(P=0.014,OR=2.90)是THA术后发生切口延迟愈合的相关因素(表 3)。
表2 切口延迟愈合组和正常愈合组组间比较

Table 2 Intergroup comparisons between the delayed wound healing group and the normal wound healing group

Variable Normal wound healing (n=312) Delayed wound healing (n=28) Statistic P
BMI/(kg/m2) 22.3 (20.0, 25.3) 19.8 (18.4, 24.7) Z=-1.35 0.176
Gender χ2=0.00 0.977
    Male 49 (15.7) 5 (17.9)
    Female 263 (84.3) 23 (82.1)
Age at surgery/years 35.0 (26.8, 46.3) 34.5 (29.0, 55.0) Z=-1.15 0.251
Age at SLE onset/years 28.0 (22.0, 37.0) 30.0 (24.5, 38.0) Z=-0.97 0.332
Treatment interval/years 6.0 (3.8, 11.0) 6.0 (4.0, 12.0) Z=-0.59 0.555
Preoperative steroid dose/mg 5.0 (2.5, 10.0) 5.0 (5.0, 10.0) Z=-1.10 0.272
Immunosuppressant use 254 (81.4) 23 (82.1) χ2=0.01 0.924
Biologic agent use 13 (4.2) 3 (10.7) χ2=1.21 0.271
Combined APS 16 (5.1) 1 (3.6) χ2=0.00 >0.999
Laboratory tests
    WBC/(×109/L) 5.8 (4.6, 6.9) 5.54 (4.8, 7.3) Z=-0.04 0.970
    HGB/(g/L) 124.5 (117.0, 136.0) 128.5 (114.5, 136.3) Z=-0.24 0.807
    ESR/(mm/h) 20.0 (11.8, 36.0) 17.0 (7.6, 22.8) Z=-1.58 0.114
    CRP/(mg/L) 5.3 (3.0, 9.5) 6.7 (3.4, 14.0) Z=-1.32 0.186
    C3/(g/L) 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) Z=-0.23 0.816
    C4/(g/L) 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) 0.2 (0.2, 0.3) Z=-0.71 0.475
    ALB/(g/L) 42.2 (39.7, 44.9) 41.7 (40.5, 44.9) Z=-0.15 0.881
    BUN/(mmol/L) 5.1 (4.0, 6.1) 5.6 (4.3, 6.8) Z=-1.44 0.149
    Cr/(μmol/L) 56.0 (47.0, 66.0) 57.5 (50.0, 74.8) Z=-0.94 0.348
    Anti-dsDNA positive 75 (24.0) 3 (10.7) χ2=2.58 0.108
    Urine protein positive 126 (40.4) 11 (39.3) χ2=0.01 0.910
Surgery side χ2=0.26 0.612
    Left 171 (55.0) 14 (50.0)
    Right 140 (45.0) 14 (50.0)
Surgical approach χ2=0.13 0.714
    Posterolateral 289 (92.6) 27 (96.4)
    DAA 23 (7.4) 1 (3.6)
Bearing surface χ2=6.91 0.009
    Ceramic-on-ceramic 220(70.5) 13(46.4)
    Ceramic-on-polyethylene 92 (29.5) 15 (53.6)
Disease-related score
    SLEDAI 4.0 (1.0, 5.0) 4.0 (1.5, 5.0) Z=-0.51 0.611
    Preoperative HHS 32.0 (23.8, 40.0) 30.5 (24.8, 37.3) Z=-0.63 0.530
    Preoperative SF-12 PCS 36.8 (29.9, 43.4) 31.9 (22.1, 37.9) Z=-2.62 0.009
    Preoperative SF-12 MCS 42.4 (35.7, 48.8) 41.6 (38.9, 46.7) Z=-0.09 0.930
    Postoperative HHS 88.0 (84.0, 91.0) 87.5 (84.8, 91.0) Z=-0.06 0.949
    Postoperative SF-12 PCS 51.7 (46.7, 54.5) 53.4 (48.9, 56.0) Z=-1.79 0.073
    Postoperative SF-12 MCS 52.4 (47.8, 56.4) 50.9 (45.7, 52.7) Z=-2.25 0.025

Data are expressed as M (Q1, Q3) or n(%). BMI, body mass index; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; APS, antiphospholipid syndrome; WBC, white blood cell; HGB, hemoglobin; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; CRP, C-reactive protein; C3, complement 3; C4, complement 4; ALB, albumin; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Anti-dsDNA, anti-double-stranded DNA antibody; DAA, direct anterior approach; SLEDAI, systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index; HHS, Harris hip score; SF-12, short form 12; PCS, physical component score; MCS, mental component score.

表3 切口延迟愈合的多因素Logistic回归分析

Table 3 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis for delayed wound healing

Variety β SE Z P OR (95%CI)
Female -0.40 0.55 -0.73 0.468 0.67 (0.23-1.98)
Age at surgery 0.01 0.02 0.46 0.646 1.01 (0.98-1.04)
Ceramic-on-polyethylene bearing surface 1.07 0.43 2.47 0.014 2.90 (1.25-6.76)
BMI -0.06 0.06 -1.06 0.290 0.94 (0.84-1.05)
Preoperative SF-12 PCS -0.06 0.02 -2.47 0.014 0.94 (0.90-0.99)

BMI, body mass index; SF-12, short form 12; PCS, physical component score.

3 讨论

SLE作为一种多脏器受累的系统性自身免疫性疾病,一旦接受外科手术干预,要求外科医师不但要考虑手术相关的专科危险因素,同时还必须兼顾内科合并症对手术疗效和并发症的潜在影响。本研究主要针对合并终末期ONFH的SLE患者接受THA手术重建的临床疗效和术后并发症,随访结果提示,末次随访时的主客观评分均较术前有显著性改善,且具有很高的术后满意度(总满意度为94.1%)。值得重点关注的是,THA术后的并发症发生率较高,内科合并症和骨科合并症的发生率分别高达7.1%和13.8%。
本研究末次随访时的中位HHS高达88分,与SF-12 MCS和PCS一起均较术前有显著性改善(P均 < 0.001),且末次随访患者髋关节总满意度也较高(为94.1%)。我们认为术后主客观评分和患者满意度结果较理想的原因有如下两个方面。首先,从整体上来看,患者手术时的中位年龄为35岁,仍然处于较低的年龄段范围,加之近年来以达标治疗(treat to target,T2T)原则[12-13]为基础的内科治疗理念和方法不断优化与进步,使得SLE的长期生存率显著上升,这对假体的使用年限和功能性均提出了较高的要求。在假体的选择上需要多方面综合考量,兼顾假体固定的初始稳定性和远期磨损,同时还要考虑关节稳定性和骨量保留以及后期翻修的问题。目前临床上以生物固定型假体为主要选择,从文献回顾结果(平均随访时间0.45~ 8.75年)来看,术后假体无菌性松动的发生率处于较低水平(1.6%~4.0%)[7-9, 14-17],而本研究则未见因假体无菌性松动而进行翻修的病例。其次,本研究纳入的是因ONFH行THA的SLE患者,与THA的其他手术指征,如髋关节发育不良、炎性关节病和创伤性关节炎相比,ONFH的手术难度明显较小,需要特殊假体和重建假体的概率也较低。
本研究中THA术后内科并发症的发生率高达7.1%, 值得特别关注,在涉及到的7种并发症中,感染性并发症所占比例高达5.3%(包括肺部感染6例、泌尿系统感染10例、颅内感染1例和胆囊炎1例)。内科并发症组和无内科并发症组的比较表明,术后SF-12 PCS (P=0.007)和HHS(P=0.005)在两组间差异均存在统计学意义,表明术后内科并发症的出现确实给远期的临床结果造成了负面影响。众所周知,感染是SLE最重要的并发症和死因之一,可高达30%以上[18-19]。因此,在SLE患者行THA的围手术期管理中要特别强调对各个系统感染的筛查和预防,尤其是呼吸系统、泌尿系统和消化系统等的重要脏器。目前临床上尚无专门的SLE患者行骨科手术的管理指南,具有参考意义的只有ACR与美国髋膝关节外科医师协会(American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons,AAHKS)联合推出的针对风湿免疫性疾病患者接受髋膝关节置换术的围手术期药物使用指南[20]。该指南将SLE患者分成严重SLE和非严重SLE两类,界定标准为心肺、肾脏、血液系统、消化系统、眼部以及中枢神经系统等其他器官和系统是否受累。对于严重SLE患者,围手术期用药风险问题主要参考器官移植患者围手术期使用抗排异药物的经验作为间接证据,建议该类患者继续服用原有剂量的免疫抑制剂,如甲氨蝶呤、吗替麦考酚酯、硫唑嘌呤、环孢素和他克莫司等。而对于非严重SLE患者,则于术前1周停用上述免疫抑制剂,使正常免疫功能得到部分恢复,以降低术后感染的风险;如无伤口愈合不良或感染,可于术后3~5 d恢复用药。生物制剂(贝利木单抗和利妥昔单抗)和小分子靶向药物,如Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)抑制剂(托法替布和巴瑞替尼)等在临床上的应用日益普及;对于该类药物的围手术期管理,ACR/AAHKS指南也有所推荐,即生物制剂术前停用一个用药周期,JAK抑制剂术前停用1周,待术后切口愈合良好且无明确感染和渗出迹象,则可在皮肤缝线和皮钉拆除后恢复使用。指南中还建议SLE患者可维持原有剂量GCs而并不需要给予应激剂量激素,行择期THA的最佳手术条件为泼尼松剂量小于20 mg/d或其他激素小于此等效剂量,以降低感染风险。
从既往对于SLE合并终末期ONFH患者行THA重建的文献回顾中可以看出,术后骨科并发症主要集中在术后感染、脱位、骨折和松动问题,其发生率在0.3%~12.0%[21]。本组患者术后仅发生3例假体脱位(0.9%),与上述研究结果一致,即SLE患者行THA并未导致术后脱位的发生率上升。由于SLE患者的THA手术年龄较低,建议使用陶瓷股骨头对陶瓷内衬,但针对具有高脱位风险的病例,如既往多次手术史、外展肌功能受损、肥胖及合并髋关节发育不良者,仍应以陶瓷股骨头对聚乙烯内衬作为首选。本组患者术后骨科并发症主要集中于术后切口延迟愈合,其发生率高达8.2%(28例)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果提示术前SF-12 PCS和是否使用陶瓷对聚乙烯负重面是具有统计学意义的相关因素。我们推测切口延迟愈合发生率高的原因可能有如下几个方面:第一,术前GCs、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂和小分子靶向药物等的长期应用,其中以GCs的长期大剂量应用最具临床意义;第二,围手术期贫血和低蛋白血症;第三,术后抗凝药物的应用;第四,外科技术相关问题,如手术操作时间过长、术中切口牵拉和损伤严重,以及切口关闭技术不佳。本研究发现的相关因素之一——陶瓷对聚乙烯负重面的应用,即与手术重建的复杂性有关。如前所述,使用聚乙烯内衬的主要目的是防脱位,而既往手术切口瘢痕和肥胖等因素就可能同时增加术后脱位和切口延迟愈合的危险。因此,在SLE患者行THA的围手术期管理中应密切关注上述几个方面,如抗风湿药物的减停和术后恢复时机、围术期贫血和低蛋白血症的及时纠正、术后抗凝药物的合理应用以及手术切口缝合技术的改进,特别是避免死腔形成。
尽管本研究具有大样本的中期随访结果,但仍然存在以下局限性。第一,属于单中心回顾性研究,并不能完全代表整体SLE患者人群,难以避免选择偏倚。第二,入组患者时间跨度较大,且手术由多名外科医生完成,在手术技术和假体选择上存在偏倚。第三,受限于回顾性研究,缺乏对照组,无法证明SLE合并终末期ONFH患者行THA的术后疗效和并发症与其他患者(如髋关节发育不良、炎性关节病和创伤性关节炎等)的差异。第四,未能完全纳入影响术后并发症发生的相关因素,如术前淋巴细胞亚型、药物应用(如GCs、免疫抑制剂和生物制剂)和SLE国际临床协作组织(SLE International Collaborating Clinics)/ACR损伤指数(SLICC/ACR damage index,SDI)等。未来应进一步考虑开展前瞻性队列研究,加强对基线人口学、疾病相关参数及用药情况的收集和评估,以深入探讨SLE合并终末期ONFH病例行THA术后并发症发生的影响因素。
综上所述,SLE合并终末期ONFH病例行THA的中期临床随访结果令人满意,且具有较高的患者满意度。术后某些内科和骨科并发症,如肺部和泌尿系统感染以及切口延迟愈合值得关注。因此,应特别强调SLE患者行THA的围手术期管理策略的建立和优化,以最大程度降低并发症的发生率,并提高手术疗效。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  张亮、张秦:提出研究思路;张亮、王晓林:设计研究方案;郭邵逸、陈大召、温锡杰、华勇:收集、分析、整理数据;王晓林、郭邵逸:撰写论文;张亮、张秦:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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