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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2021, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (3): 479-484. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2021.03.007

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Reliability and validity of the Chinese version of parenting sense of competence scale in mothers of preschool children

LI Xue-ying1,*,MAO Kang-na2,*,MI Xiao-yi1,GAO Ling-ling3,YANG Xiao3,TAO Hui-fen4,ZHANG Ying-wu4,CHEN Jing1,WANG Xing1,SHEN Li-juan1,YUAN Jie-ling1,MIAO Miao5,Δ(),ZHOU Hong1,Δ()   

  1. 1. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Department of Science and Education, Haidian Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
    3. School of Nursing, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
    4. Department of Health Care, Yanqing Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Beijing 102100, China
    5. Peking University School of Health Humanities, Beijing 100191, China
  • Received:2021-02-14 Online:2021-06-18 Published:2021-06-16
  • Contact: Miao MIAO,Hong ZHOU E-mail:miaomiao@bjmu.edu.cn;hongzhou@bjmu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Objective: To test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of parenting sense of competence scale (PSOC) in Chinese mothers of preschool children, and to explore the perception of preschool children’s mothers on their own parenting skills and their comfort of being a parent in Yanqing District of Beijing. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sample in 1 384 preschool children’s mothers in Yanqing District of Beijing. SPSS 21.0 and Mplus 7.4 software were used for statistical analysis to test the structural validity, criterion related validity, internal consistency and split half reliability of the scale, and to analyze the score of the scale and its influencing factors. Results: The PSOC had good reliability and validity. Exploratory factor analysis showed that each item of the PSOC had more than 0.4 factor loading in efficacy factor or satisfaction factor, and there was no double load phenomenon. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the factor loadings ranged from 0.212 to 0.843 in efficacy factor and satisfaction factor, respectively. The goodness of fit test showed that all the fitting indexes were within the acceptable range, and the correlation between the effectiveness subscale and the satisfaction subscale was high. The Cronbach’s α coefficient of the whole scale, the efficacy subscale and the satisfaction subscale were 0.872, 0.802, and 0.874, respectively. The Spearman-Brown coefficient of PSOC was 0.851. The average score of the whole scale, the efficacy subscale, and the satisfaction subscale were 72.33±11.31, 35.54±5.91, and 36.79±7.11, respectively, and the score of parenting competence in Chinese mothers of preschool children was influenced by the mother’s educational level and the annual income of her family. Conclusion: The PSOC has satisfactory reliability and validity in Chinese mothers of preschool children. It can be used as an evaluation instrument for measuring the parenting competency, self perceived efficacy and satisfaction in the mainland Chinese mothers of preschool children. The competency of preschool children’s mothers in Yanqing District of Beijing is very good, which may be related to the higher education level of the mothers and the higher annual income of their families in this study.

Key words: Parenting sense of competence, Mothers, Reliability, Validity

CLC Number: 

  • R173

Table 1

Exploratory factor analysis of PSOC in mothers of preschool children"

Entries Efficacy Satisfaction
1. The problems of taking care of a child are easy to solve once you know how your actions affect your child, an understanding
I have acquired		 0.803 0.208
2. Even though being a parent could be rewarding, I am frustrated now while my child is at his/her present age* 0.220 0.669
3. I go to bed the same way I wake up in the morning, feeling I have not accomplished a whole lot* 0.183 0.712
4. I do not know why it is, but sometimes when I’m supposed to be in control, I feel more like the one being
manipulated*		 0.100 0.772
5. My mother/father was better prepared to be a good mother/father than I am* 0.288 0.656
6. I would make a fine model for a new mother/father to follow in order to learn what she/he would need to know in order to be
a good parent		 0.641 0.237
7. Being a parent is manageable, and any problems are easily solved 0.714 0.342
8. A difficult problem in being a parent is not knowing whether you’re doing a good job or a bad one* 0.307 0.565
9. Sometimes I feel like I’m not getting anything done* 0.251 0.690
10. I meet my own personal expectations for expertise in caring for my child 0.723 0.263
11. If anyone can find the answer to what is troubling my child, I am the one 0.711 0.154
12. My talents and interests are in other areas, not in being a parent* 0.225 0.459
13. Considering how long I’ve been a mother/father, I feel thoroughly familiar with this role 0.775 0.193
14. If being a mother/father of a child were only more interesting,I would be motivated to do a better job as a parent* 0.162 0.642
15. I honestly believe I have all the skills necessary to be a good mother/father to my child 0.803 0.208
16. Being a parent makes me tense and anxious* 0.309 0.698
17. Being a good mother/father is a reward in itself 0.570 0.182

Table 2

Confirmatory factor analysis of PSOC in mothers of preschool children"

Entries Efficacy Satisfaction
1. The problems of taking care of a child are easy to solve once you know how your actions affect your child, an understanding
I have acquired		 0.447
2. Even though being a parent could be rewarding, I am frustrated now while my child is at his/her present age* 0.632
3. I go to bed the same way I wake up in the morning, feeling I have not accomplished a whole lot* 0.714
4. I do not know why it is, but sometimes when I’m supposed to be in control, I feel more like the one being
manipulated*		 0.654
5. My mother/father was better prepared to be a good mother/father than I am* 0.701
6. I would make a fine model for a new mother/father to follow in order to learn what she/he would need to know in order to be
a good parent		 0.610
7. Being a parent is manageable, and any problems are easily solved 0.770
8. A difficult problem in being a parent is not knowing whether you’re doing a good job or a bad one* 0.604
9. Sometimes I feel like I’m not getting anything done* 0.713
10. I meet my own personal expectations for expertise in caring for my child 0.774
11. If anyone can find the answer to what is troubling my child, I am the one 0.725
12. My talents and interests are in other areas, not in being a parent* 0.252
13. Considering how long I’ve been a mother/father, I feel thoroughly familiar with this role 0.794
14. If being a mother/father of a child were only more interesting,I would be motivated to do a better job as a parent* 0.212
15. I honestly believe I have all the skills necessary to be a good mother/father to my child 0.843
16. Being a parent makes me tense and anxious* 0.722
17. Being a good mother/father is a reward in itself 0.630

Table 3

Influence of demographic data of preschool mothers on parenting competence"

Influence factor n Total score, $\bar{x} \pm s$ Efficacy score, $\bar{x} \pm s$ Satisfaction score, $\bar{x} \pm s$
Age/years
21-30 159 72.12±11.03 35.87±5.94 36.25±6.92
31-40 1 089 72.17±11.37 35.41±5.93 36.75±7.14
41-50 136 73.85±11.16 36.17±5.73 37.68±7.06
F value 1.372 1.265 1.545
P value 0.254 0.283 0.214
Education
Primary school and below 2 68.00±11.31 29.00±7.07 39.00±4.24
Junior high school 35 68.29±10.65 34.29±5.03 34.00±7.73
Technical secondary school or high school 159 68.90±10.59 34.28±5.91 34.62±7.09
College or bachelor degree 1 113 72.67±11.32 35.67±5.92 37.00±7.05
Master degree or above 75 76.48±11.06 37.04±5.64 39.44±6.40
F value 7.774 4.179 8.131
P value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Annual household income/Yuan
≤50 000 117 68.84±11.53 34.33±6.26 34.50±7.54
50 001-200 000 837 71.71±10.89 35.29±5.75 36.42±6.90
200 001-500 000 392 74.63±11.58 36.45±6.03 38.18±7.07
≥500 001 38 73.00±12.83 35.47±6.32 37.53±8.22
F value 10.175 5.278 10.066
P value <0.01 <0.01 <0.01

Table 4

Assignment description of influencing factors of parenting competence"

Variable Assignment description
Education (X1) Primary school and below=1, Junior high school=2, Technical secondary school or high school=3, Master degree or above=4
Annual household income (X2) ≤50 000=1, 50 001-200 000=2, 200 001-500 000=3, ≥500 001=4
Parenting competence (Y) Original value

Table 5

Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis"

Independent variable B SE Beta t P
Constant 58.363 2.311 25.253 <0.01
Education 2.525 0.597 0.116 4.226 <0.01
Annual household income 1.845 0.483 0.105 3.822 <0.01
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