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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (3): 483-489. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.03.013

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Relation of smoking status to family health and personality traits in residents aged over 18 years in China

He-wei MIN,Yi-bo WU,Xin-ying SUN*()   

  1. Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
  • Received:2022-02-10 Online:2022-06-18 Published:2022-06-14
  • Contact: Xin-ying SUN E-mail:xysun@bjmu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Objective: To explore the relation of smoking status to family health and personality traits in residents aged over 18 years in China by binary Logistic regression analysis, to identify the psychosocial factors that influence tobacco use, and to provide evidence to predict smoking susceptibility based on personality traits and prevent smoking at individual and family levels. Methods: Residents aged over 18 years in China were selected from "the Survey of Chinese Family Health Index (2021)". General characteristic questionnaire, short-form of family health scale, 10-item big five inventory were used to collect sociodemographic information, family health function and personality traits. And the relation of smoking status to family health and personality traits were analyzed by binary Logistic regression analysis. Results: Totally 10 315 adults were collected, of whom there were 2 171 smokers. The smoking rate was 21.05%, 41.76% of the residents were male, 3.69% female, 20.03% urban, 23.77% rural, 12.60% aged between 18 and 35 years, 27.11% aged between 36 and 59 years, 34.35% aged over 60 years, and the smoking rate varied in gender, location, age, education, marital status, family types, and average household monthly income (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the scores of family health, family social and emotional health processes, family healthy lifestyle, family health resources, family external social support, agreeableness, openness, and neuroticism among smokers were lower than those of the non-smokers (P < 0.05). The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the residents over 35 years old, with low educational level and divorced were the risk factors to smoking (P < 0.05), while female, unmarried, nuclear family, high scores of family social and emotional health processes and family health resources, openness, neuroticism, and agreeableness were the protective factors to smoking (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Besides gender, age, location, education, marital status, family types and average household monthly income, family health, and personality traits were also important factors influencing smoking status. Tobacco control based on personality traits and family health is essential, and more convincing research is necessary to determine the relation of tobacco use, tobacco dependence and smoking cessation to family health and personality traits.

Key words: Smoking, Family health, Personality, Surveys and questionnaires

CLC Number: 

  • R163

Table 1

General characteristics and smoking status of subjects"

Items Total, n (%) Smoking status χ2 P
Smokers, n (%) Non-smokers, n (%)
Gender 2231.911 < 0.001
  Male 4 703 (45.59) 1 964 (41.76) 2 739 (58.24)
  Female 5 612 (54.41) 207 (3.69) 5 405 (96.31)
Location 17.094 < 0.001
  Urban 7 517 (72.87) 1 506 (20.03) 6 011 (79.97)
  Rural 2 798 (27.13) 665 (23.77) 2 133 (76.23)
Age/years 426.782 < 0.001
  18-35 4 882 (47.33) 615 (12.60) 4 267 (87.40)
  36-59 4 286 (41.55) 1 162 (27.11) 3 124 (72.89)
  ≥60 1 147 (11.12) 394 (34.35) 753 (65.65)
Education level 311.760 < 0.001
  Primary school or lower 1 015 (9.84) 301 (29.66) 714 (70.34)
  Junior high school 1 224 (11.87) 391 (31.94) 833 (68.06)
  Senior high school or technical secondary school 1 598 (15.49) 467 (29.22) 1 131 (70.78)
  Junior college or higher 6 478 (62.80) 1 012 (15.62) 5 466 (84.38)
Marital status
  Married 6 226 (60.36) 1 641 (26.36) 4 585 (73.64) 356.345 < 0.001
  Unmarried 3 647 (35.36) 396 (10.86) 3 251 (89.14)
  Divorced 207 (2.01) 63 (30.43) 144 (69.57)
  Bereft of one’s spouse 235 (2.28) 71 (30.21) 164 (69.79)
Average household monthly income/yuan 8.592 0.035
  ≤1 500 970 (9.40) 231 (23.81) 739 (76.19)
  1 501-6 000 6 018 (58.34) 1 214 (20.17) 4 804 (79.83)
  6 001-12 000 2 602 (25.23) 564 (21.68) 2 038 (78.32)
  >12 000 725 (7.03) 162 (22.34) 563 (77.66)
Family types 117.356 < 0.001
  Conjugal family 1 763 (17.09) 417 (23.65) 1 346 (76.35)
  Nuclear family 5 964 (57.82) 1 061 (17.79) 4 903 (82.21)
  Stem family 1 308 (12.68) 370 (28.29) 938 (71.71)
  Joint family 354 (3.43) 95 (26.84) 259 (73.16)
  Single-parent family 379 (3.67) 80 (21.11) 299 (78.89)
  DINK family 81 (0.79) 20 (24.69) 61 (75.31)
  Households of grandparents with grandchildren 95 (0.92) 37 (38.95) 58 (61.05)
  Single-person family 214 (2.07) 47 (21.96) 167 (78.04)
  Other types of families 157 (1.52) 44 (28.03) 113 (71.97)

Table 2

Scores of Family Health Scale and Big Five Inventory among subjects*"

Scales Items Range of scores# Total, M (P25, P75) Non-smoking, M (P25, P75) Smoking, M (P25, P75) Z P
Family Health Scale 10 10-50 38.00 (33.00, 43.00) 38.00 (33.00, 43.00) 37.00 (32.00, 42.00) -5.451 < 0.001
  Family social and emotional health processes 3 2.5-12.5 10.00 (8.33, 11.67) 10.00 (8.33, 12.50) 10.00 (8.33, 11.67) -3.420 0.001
  Family healthy lifestyle 2 2.5-12.5 10.00 (8.75, 12.50) 10.00 (8.75, 12.50) 10.00 (7.50, 12.50) -3.758 < 0.001
  Family health resources 3 2.5-12.5 8.33 (7.50, 10.83) 9.17 (7.50, 10.83) 8.33 (6.67, 10.83) -4.722 < 0.001
  Family external social support 2 2.5-12.5 10.00 (7.50, 11.25) 10.00 (8.75, 11.25) 10.00 (7.50, 11.25) -4.156 0.001
Big Five Inventory
  Extraversion 2 2-10 6.00 (5.00, 7.00) 6.00 (5.00, 7.00) 6.00 (5.00, 7.00) -0.622 0.534
  Agreeableness 2 2-10 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) -5.309 < 0.001
  Conscientiousness 2 2-10 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) 7.00 (6.00, 8.00) -0.067 0.947
  Neuroticism 2 2-10 6.00 (5.00, 6.00) 6.00 (5.00, 7.00) 6.00 (5.00, 6.00) -6.347 < 0.001
  Openness 2 2-10 6.00 (6.00, 7.00) 6.00 (6.00, 8.00) 6.00 (5.00, 7.00) -9.274 < 0.001

Table 3

The assignments of variables in binary Logistic regression analysis"

Variables Value
Gender 0=male, 1=female
Age/years 1=18-35, 2=36-59, 3= ≥60
Location 0=urban, 1=rural
Education level 1=primary school or lower, 2=junior high school, 3=senior high school or technical secondary school, 4=junior college or higher
Marital status 1=married, 2=unmarried, 3=divorced, 4=bereft of one’s spouse
Average household monthly income/yuan 1= ≤1 500, 2=1 501-6 000, 3=6 001-12 000, 4= >12 000
Family types 1=conjugal family, 2=nuclear family, 3=stem family, 4=joint family, 5=single-parent family, 6=DINK family, 7=households of grandparents with grandchildren, 8=single-person family, 9=other types of families
Smoking status 0=non-smoking, 1=smoking

Table 4

Binary Logistic regression analysis of smoking status"

Variables β SE Wald χ2 P OR 95%CI
Gender (control: male)
  Female -3.047 0.081 1429.947 < 0.001 0.048 0.041-0.056
Age/years (control: 18-35) 34.215 < 0.001
  36-59 0.471 0.083 31.950 < 0.001 1.601 1.360-1.885
  ≥60 0.498 0.116 18.462 < 0.001 1.645 1.311-2.064
Education level (control: junior college or higher) 60.543 < 0.001
  Primary school or lower 0.614 0.112 30.142 < 0.001 1.847 1.484-2.300
  Junior high school 0.563 0.093 36.701 < 0.001 1.756 1.464-2.107
  Senior high school or technical secondary school 0.462 0.080 33.058 < 0.001 1.588 1.356-1.859
Marital status (control: married) 63.822 < 0.001
  Unmarried -0.665 0.092 51.907 < 0.001 0.514 0.429-0.616
  Divorced 0.478 0.216 4.892 0.027 1.612 1.056-2.462
  Bereft of one’s spouse 0.276 0.204 1.829 0.176 1.317 0.884-1.964
Average household monthly income/yuan (control: 1 501-6 000) 6.723 0.081
  ≤1 500 -0.144 0.104 1.936 0.164 0.866 0.706-1.061
  6 001-12 000 0.015 0.115 0.017 0.895 1.015 0.810-1.272
  >12 000 -0.004 0.144 0.001 0.977 0.996 0.750-1.322
Family types (control: other types of families) 21.445 0.006
  Conjugal family -0.403 0.230 3.066 0.080 0.669 0.426-1.049
  Nuclear family -0.543 0.223 5.913 0.015 0.581 0.375-0.900
  Stem family -0.237 0.233 1.035 0.309 0.789 0.500-1.246
  Joint family -0.382 0.263 2.114 0.146 0.683 0.408-1.142
  Single-parent family -0.235 0.271 0.752 0.386 0.790 0.464-1.345
  DINK family -0.222 0.374 0.353 0.553 0.801 0.385-1.666
  Households of grandparents with grandchildren 0.103 0.353 0.085 0.770 1.109 0.555-2.216
  Single-person family -0.331 0.297 1.242 0.265 0.719 0.402-1.285
Family health
  Family social and emotional health processes -0.026 0.012 4.834 0.028 0.974 0.952-0.997
  Family health resources -0.020 0.010 4.344 0.037 0.980 0.961-0.998
Personal traits
  Agreeableness -0.048 0.022 4.735 0.030 0.953 0.913-0.995
  Neuroticism -0.052 0.021 5.932 0.015 0.949 0.910-0.990
  Openness -0.055 0.021 7.128 0.008 0.947 0.909-0.986
  Constant 0.957 0.306 9.793 0.002 2.603
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