中国三地乳母乳汁维生素A营养状况及影响因素

doi:10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.05.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin A (VitA) in breast milk and its influencing factors among lactating women in the Weihai, Yueyang, and Baotou of China. Methods: From May to July 2014, 403 lactating mothers at (42±7) d postpartum were recruited from three Chinese cities, Weihai in Shandong Province, Yueyang in Hunan Province, and Baotou in Inner Mongolia. Basic information of lactating women and newborns and fish intake information of the lactating women in the last month were collected. The concentration of retinol in breast milk was collected and measured using high-performance liquid chromatography to determine the levels of VitA. According to the breast milk retinol concentration, the nutritional status of breast milk VitA among the lactating women was divi-ded into deficiency (< 1.05 μmol/L) and sufficient (≥1.05 μmol/L). The multivariate quantile regression was used to calculate the adjusted breast milk retinol concentrations. The Kruskal-Wallis H test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to test the difference of breast milk retinol concentration according to the characteristics of the lactating women. The Logistic regression was used to analyze the effect of characteristics of lactating women on breast milk VitA deficiency. Results: The M (P₂₅, P₇₅) of breast milk retinol concentration among the Chinese lactating women was 1.15 (0.83, 1.49) μmol/L. Multivariate analysis showed that the adjusted breast milk retinol concentration was related to the regions, maternal age, ethnicity, education levels, body mass index (BMI), parity, gestational age, delivery modes, breastfeeding practice, fish intake and birth weight of the infants. The prevalence of VitA deficiency in breast milk among all the lactating women was 41.9%. In Weihai, Yueyang, and Baotou, the prevalence rates were 34.8%, 39.6%, and 51.5%, respectively. Compared with the women in Weihai, the adjusted OR for breast milk VitA deficiency among the women in Baotou was 1.75 (95%CI: 1.05-2.92). Compared with the women having college and above education, the adjusted OR for breast milk VitA deficiency among those having junior high school and below education were 2.16 (95%CI: 1.10-4.24). Compared with women with low fish intake, the adjusted OR for breast milk VitA deficiency among those with high fish intake were 0.55 (95%CI: 0.36-0.84). Conclusion: The prevalence of breast milk VitA deficiency among the Chinese lactating women was 41.9%, suggesting that breast milk VitA deficiency in lactating women and inadequate VitA intake for infants were common in China. The women in Baotou, low educational status and low fish intake increased the risk of breast milk VitA deficiency, suggesting that attention should be paid to the nutritional status of lactating women in underdeveloped regions such as inland region, and education for health should be enhanced and food containing VitA such as fish intake should be increased.

Key words: Vitamin A, Lactating women, Breast milk

CLC Number:

R153.1

Jing QIN, Yubo ZHOU, Hongtian LI, Ying MENG, Jianmeng LIU. Nutritional status and influencing factors of breast milk vitamin A among lactating women in three regions of Chin[J].Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(5): 794-801.

Figures/Tables 3

Table 1

Retinol concentration in breast milk and vitamin A deficiency in breast milk among lactating women"

Characteristics	Cases, n (%)	Retinol concentration /(μmol/L)		Vitamin A deficiency
Characteristics	Cases, n (%)	M (P₂₅, P₇₅)	P value	Cases, n (%)	χ²	P value
Mothers
1Regions			0.008		8.15	0.017
Weihai	135 (33.5)	1.20 (0.91, 1.57)^b		47 (34.8)^a
Yueyang	134 (33.3)	1.20 (0.88, 1.54)^ab		53 (39.6)^a
Baotou	134 (33.3)	1.03 (0.72, 1.39)^a		69 (51.5)^b
Age /years			0.113		1.91	0.384
＜25	60 (14.9)	1.05 (0.73, 1.37)		30 (50.0)
25-＜30	251 (62.3)	1.16 (0.81, 1.48)		101 (40.2)
≥30	92 (22.8)	1.16 (0.88, 1.68)		38 (41.3)
Ethnicity			0.491		0.50	0.478
Han	385 (95.5)	1.16 (0.83, 1.49)		160 (41.6)
Others	18 (4.5)	1.05 (0.83, 1.32)		9 (50.0)
Education levels			0.125		5.17	0.075
College or above	270 (67.0)	1.18 (0.85, 1.55)		105 (38.9)
High school	91 (22.6)	1.09 (0.78, 1.38)		40 (44.0)
Middle school or less	42 (10.4)	1.01 (0.84, 1.32)		24 (57.1)
Body mass index /(kg/m²)			0.038		5.19	0.075
＜18.5	9 (2.2)	1.40 (1.17, 1.94)		2 (22.2)
18.5-＜25	273 (67.7)	1.18 (0.85, 1.54)		107 (39.2)
≥25	121 (30.0)	1.05 (0.81, 1.31)		60 (49.6)
Parity			0.958		0.06	0.812
Nulliparous	343 (85.1)	1.15 (0.82, 1.50)		143 (41.7)
Multiparous	60 (14.9)	1.14 (0.85, 1.43)		26 (43.3)
Gestational age /weeks			0.060		2.80	0.277
＜37	16 (4.0)	1.37 (1.05, 1.91)		4 (25.0)
37-＜42	379 (94.0)	1.13 (0.81, 1.47)		163 (43.0)
≥42	8 (2.0)	1.26 (1.13, 1.51)		2 (25.0)
Delivery modes			0.753		1.28	0.258
Vaginal delivery	242 (60.0)	1.16 (0.84, 1.45)		96 (39.7)
Cesarean section	161 (40.0)	1.11 (0.81, 1.54)		73 (45.3)
Breastfeeding practice			0.002		2.29	0.130
Exclusively breastfeeding	240 (59.6)	1.11 (0.75, 1.38)^a		108 (45.0)
Partially breastfeeding	163 (40.4)	1.20 (0.92, 1.66)^b		61 (37.4)
Fish /(g/d)			＜0.001		13.02	＜0.001
≤30	203 (50.4)	1.04 (0.74, 1.34)^a		103 (50.7)^b
>30	200 (49.6)	1.23 (0.93, 1.68)^b		66 (33.0)^a
Infants
Gender			0.554		0.39	0.531
Male	212 (52.6)	1.13 (0.81, 1.53)		92 (43.4)
Female	191 (47.4)	1.17 (0.85, 1.45)		77 (40.3)
Birth weight /g			0.591		0.81	0.760
＜2 500	5 (1.2)	0.99 (0.99, 2.63)		3 (60.0)
2 500-＜4 000	358 (88.8)	1.15 (0.83, 1.46)		150 (41.9)
≥4 000	40 (9.9)	1.24 (0.82, 1.65)		16 (40.0)

Table 1

Table 2

Multivariate quantile regression results from the adjusted models for retinol concentration in breast milk among lactating women"

Characteristics	Adjusted M (P₂₅, P₇₅)	P value	Coefficients (95%CI)	P value
Mothers
Regions		＜0.001
Weihai	1.18 (0.88, 1.56)^b		Ref.
Yueyang	1.19 (0.87, 1.58)^b		0.02 (-0.16, 0.10)	0.847
Baotou	1.03 (0.70, 1.33)^a		-0.07 (-0.22, 0.02)	0.381
Age/years		0.003
＜25	1.07 (0.70, 1.38)^a		-0.01 (-0.26, 0.08)	0.878
25-＜30	1.13 (0.81, 1.48)^b		Ref.
≥30	1.19 (0.91, 1.65)^b		-0.01 (-0.12, 0.15)	0.857
Ethnicity		0.008
Han	1.14 (0.84, 1.49)^b		Ref.
Others	1.00 (0.84, 1.19)^a		-0.17 (-0.24, 0.06)	0.190
Education levels		＜0.001
College or above	1.21 (0.86, 1.52)^b		Ref.
High school	1.02 (0.77, 1.43)^a		-0.17 (-0.24, -0.04)	0.033
Middle school or less	1.01 (0.79, 1.34)^a		-0.22 (-0.33, 0.03)	0.051
Body mass index /(kg/m²)		＜0.001
＜18.5	1.50 (1.33, 1.62)^c		0.46 (0.27, 0.59)	0.012
18.5-＜25	1.18 (0.85, 1.52)^b		Ref.
≥25	1.01 (0.79, 1.36)^a		-0.10 (-0.20, 0.02)	0.144
Parity		0.017
Nulliparous	1.14 (0.83, 1.48)^b		Ref.
Multiparous	1.07 (0.86, 1.59)^a		-0.01 (-0.18, 0.10)	0.924
Gestational age /weeks		0.001
＜37	1.35 (1.25, 1.84)^b		0.29 (0.11, 0.55)	0.088
37-＜42	1.12 (0.81, 1.48)^a		Ref.
≥42	1.22 (1.13, 1.65)^ab		0.08 (-0.17, 0.48)	0.694
Delivery modes		0.046
Vaginal delivery	1.13 (0.86, 1.47)^b		Ref.
Cesarean section	1.12 (0.77, 1.55)^a		0.03 (-0.03, 0.17)	0.693
Breastfeeding practice		＜0.001
Exclusively breastfeeding	1.08 (0.77, 1.38)^a		Ref.
Partially breastfeeding	1.22 (0.93, 1.70)^b		0.13 (0.05, 0.25)	0.034
Fish /(g/d)		＜0.001
≤30	1.03 (0.71, 1.37)^a		Ref.
>30	1.27 (0.92, 1.60)^b		0.18 (0.08, 0.28)	0.009
Infants
Gender		0.541
Male	1.12 (0.81, 1.47)		Ref.
Female	1.14 (0.85, 1.52)		0.01 (-0.08, 0.08)	0.824
Birth weight/g		0.016
＜2 500	1.04 (0.99, 2.38)^ab		-0.24 (-0.48, 1.16)	0.736
2 500-＜4 000	1.12 (0.83, 1.48)^a		Ref.
≥4 000	1.24 (0.83, 1.63)^b		0.14 (-0.10, 0.28)	0.248

Table 2

Table 3

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Nutritional status and influencing factors of breast milk vitamin A among lactating women in three regions of Chin

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Characteristics	β	Standard error	Wald χ²	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P value
Mothers
Regions			4.72		0.094
Weihai				Ref.
Yueyang	0.18	0.26	0.49	1.20 (0.72, 1.99)	0.484
Baotou	0.56	0.26	4.56	1.75 (1.05, 2.92)	0.033
Education levels			5.04		0.080
College or above				Ref.
High school	0.19	0.25	0.54	1.21 (0.73, 1.98)	0.462
Middle school or less	0.77	0.35	4.95	2.16 (1.10, 4.24)	0.026
Fish /(g/d)
≤30				Ref.
>30	-0.60	0.22	7.74	0.55 (0.36, 0.84)	0.005