Abstract: Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety of tubeless percutaneous nephrolithotomy (tubeless-PCNL） and ureteroscopic lithotripsy（URL） in treatment of impacted upper-ureteral calculi ≥1.5 cm in size. Methods:Patients with ureteral stones sized ≥1.5 cm and lodged above the fourth lumbar vertebra who were treated between September 2009 and July 2013 in Peking University People’s Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. In the study, 182 patients underwent tubeless-PCNL or URL treatment respectively, and the operation success rates were compared. The duration of operation, intraoperative blood loss（average hemoglobin decrease）, complications, mean hospital stay and residual stone rates were also compared. Results: Fifty-four patients underwent tubeless-PCNL treatment，the average stone size was (1.9±0.4) cm，nephrostomy tubes were placed in two patients，and the operation success rate was 96.3%(52/54). In the rest of the 52 patients，and the mean operation time was (30.1±14.8) minutes with an average postoperative hemoglobin decrease of (10.2±6.1) g/L, and the mean hospital stay was (3.0±1.4) days. Only one of the patients had residual fragments （2%）. The main complications included minor perirenal hematoma in 1 patient, fever in 2 patients，elevated blood WBC in 11 patients，and analgesics requirement in 3 patients. In the study, 128 patients were treated with URL，the average stone size was (1.7±0.3) cm. 19 procedures failed，and 10 patients were converted to PCNL，extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy was executed subsequently after double-J stent placement in 5 patients，and migration of calculi or stone fragments happened in 4 patients. The mean operative time was (51.3±25.5) minutes for the remaining 109 patients with a hemoglobin reduction of (5.2±7.2) g/L. The mean hospital stay was (2.9±1.3) days, and residual stones were found in 13 of the 109 patients (11.9%). The main complications included fever in 3 patients, elevated blood WBC in 42 patients, analgesics requirement in 13 patients because of pain in the urethra or flank. The size of the stones between the two group didn’t show significant difference，but the success rate of the tubeless-PCNL procedure was significantly higher. Except that hemoglobin decrease was slightly higher in the tubeless-PCNL group，the mean operative time, the rate of residual stones and rate of complications of the tubeless-PCNL group were lower significantly. Conclusion:  Treating stones above 4th lumbar vertebra larger than 1.5 cm were challenging. It is difficult to treat these stones with URL because of a high probability to fail, but on the contrary, tubeless-PCNL was more likely to be performed successfully. For surgeons experienced with the PCNL technology, treating stones≥1.5 cm with tubeless-PCNL procedure may turn out to be more efficient and with a higher operation success rate, and the risk of complications was lower without lengthening the postoperative hospital stay.

Key words: SUreteral calculi, Ureteroscopy, Nephrostomy, percutaneous, Lithotripsy