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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (5): 820-827. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.05.011

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Impact of fine particulate matter exposure on non-accidental mortality under different apparent temperature levels

Yuxin WANG1, Ru CAO1, Jing HUANG1, Ponsawansong Pitakchon2, Tawatsupa Benjawan3, Xiaochuan PAN1, Prapamontol Tippawan2, Guoxing LI1,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
    3. Health Impact Assessment Division, Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok 11000, Thailand
  • Received:2021-05-18 Online:2024-10-18 Published:2024-10-16
  • Contact: Guoxing LI E-mail:liguoxing@bjmu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the International (Regional) Cooperation and Exchange Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41761144056);the Major International Joint Research Project of National Research Council of Thailand/Thailand Research Fund(RDG6030019)

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Abstract:

Objective: To assess the impact of exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) on non-accidental mortality under different apparent temperature levels and to further explore the modification effect of apparent temperature. Methods: This study used time-series design. Tianjin and Ningbo from China, Bangkok and Chiang Mai from Thailand were selected as the research sites, and the apparent temperature was applied as the exposure index. Through the quantitative estimation of the threshold temperature, the corresponding pollutant concentration was divided into high and low levels, and the generalized Poisson additive model was used to evaluate the association between PM2.5 exposure and non-accidental death of residents at different temperature levels. Results: The ave-rage concentrations of PM2.5 in Tianjin, Ningbo, Bangkok, and Chiang Mai during the study period were (73.6±35.6), (48.0±32.1), (33.5±28.4) and (32.6±28.6) μg/m3, respectively; the average daily non-accidental death counts were 148, 57, 28, and 8. The analysis of the generalized Poisson additive model showed that the daily non-accidental death counts increased by 0.43% (95%CI: 0.33%-0.54%) per 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in lag 0 day in Tianjin of China; 0.27% (95%CI: 0.08%-0.46%) per 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 in lag 2 days in Ningbo of China. The effect was magnified in high temperature levels in Tianjin and in low temperatures in Ningbo and Bangkok. The mortality effect of PM2.5 in various temperature levels stayed still in co-pollutant regression models. Conclusion: Exposure to fine particulate matter had an adverse effect on non-accidental mortality, which reminded us to give further attention to the pollution control. The findings also indicated that apparent temperature might modify mortality effects of PM2.5 and the modification effect varied in different regions. Protective policies due to regional differences should be made and more scientific and social attention on mutual effect of air pollution and climate change needs to be appealed.

Key words: PM2.5, Apparent temperature, Mortality, Effect modification

CLC Number: 

  • R122.26

Figure 1

The geographic location of four studied cities"

Table 1

Descriptive information of mortality, air pollutants and meteorological conditions in the four cities"

Variable Mean SD Minimum P 25 Median P 75 Maximum
Tianjin, China
  PM2.5/(μg/m3) 73.6 35.6 9.0 49.5 67.6 90.0 291.5
  NO2/(μg/m3) 43.2 16.2 12.8 32.0 40.0 51.2 142.4
  SO2/(μg/m3) 57.1 44.5 8.0 26.0 42.0 75.5 339.0
  AT/℃ 13.1 11.3 -14.1 2.1 14.4 23.8 32.1
  RH/% 58.1 18.3 15.0 44.0 60.0 72.0 97.0
  Mortality, n 148 43 13 122 152 176 340
Ningbo, China
  PM2.5/(μg/m3) 48.0 32.1 5.9 27.4 40.3 59.3 421.7
  NO2/(μg/m3) 42.5 18.4 7.6 29.2 39.7 53.8 121.8
  SO2/(μg/m3) 19.7 12.3 5.4 11.8 15.7 23.8 109.5
  AT/℃ 18.1 11.2 -3.3 7.7 18.7 27.6 38.5
  RH/% 74.2 12.3 28.0 66.0 75.0 84.0 97.0
  Mortality, n 93 18 52 80 90 104 166
Bangkok, Thailand
  PM2.5/(μg/m3) 33.5 28.4 5.1 15.6 23.4 41.7 266.2
  NO2/(μg/m3) 26.4 12.6 3.2 17.2 21.9 34.2 79.8
  SO2/(μg/m3) 3.2 1.8 0 2.1 2.7 3.6 14.9
  AT/℃ 29.1 1.8 18.4 28.1 29.3 30.3 33.4
  RH/% 65.6 9.0 37.3 60.3 66.1 71.4 94.9
  Mortality, n 28 5 7 24 28 33 46
Chiang Mai, Thailand
  PM2.5/(μg/m3) 32.6 28.6 4.8 14.9 22.6 41.5 266.2
  NO2/(μg/m3) 16.9 8.4 0 11.1 14.2 21.7 50.7
  SO2/(μg/m3) 1.4 0.9 0 1.0 1.1 1.6 8.4
  AT/℃ 27.1 3.0 11.5 25.5 27.4 28.9 35.1
  RH/% 69.4 11.2 39.8 61.9 70.9 77.6 93.6
  Mortality, n 8 2 0 6 8 10 20

Table 2

Estimates of the excess risk in daily non-accidental deaths per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration under different temperature levels"

Items Threshold Excess risk (95%CI)/% P value of Q statistics
Tianjin, China
  Total 0.43 (0.33, 0.54) Reference
  Low 26.4 0.32 (0.22, 0.43) 0.47
  High 1.23 (1.01, 1.46) < ·0.001
Ningbo, China
  Total 0.27 (0.08, 0.46) Reference
  Low 26.5 0.28 (0.09, 0.47) 0.99
  High 0.18 (-0.40, 0.76) 0.75
Bangkok, Thailand
  Total 0.50 (-0.01, 1.02) Reference
  Low 26.6 2.70 (0.68, 4.77) 0.03
  High 0.49 (-0.03, 1.00) 1.00
Chiang Mai, Thailand
  Total 0.92 (-0.05, 1.91) Reference
  Low 29.1 0.89 (-0.10, 1.88) 1.00
  High 1.48 (-0.40, 3.40) 0.59
Overall
  Total 0.40 (0.20, 0.60) Reference
  Low 0.70 (-0.08, 1.50) 0.98
  High 0.70 (0.11, 1.30) 0.98

Table 3

Co-pollutant regression estimates of the excess risk in daily non-accidental deaths per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentration under different temperature levels"

City, country Pollutant Temperature Excess risk/% (95%CI) P value of Q statistics
Tianjin, China PM2.5+NO2 Total 0.30 (0.10, 0.50) Reference
Low 0.24 (0.12, 0.36) 0.79
High 1.22 (-1.09, 3.58) 0.48
PM2.5+SO2 Total 0.30 (-0.38, 0.99) Reference
Low 0.26 (0.14, 0.38) 0.92
High 1.19 (-1.08, 3.51) 0.46
Ningbo, China PM2.5+NO2 Total 0.28 (0.09, 0.47) Reference
Low 0.29 (0.09, 0.48) 0.96
High 0.21 (-0.37, 0.79) 0.82
PM2.5+SO2 Total 0.29 (0.10, 0.48) Reference
Low 0.29 (0.10, 0.48) 0.97
High 0.24 (-0.33, 0.82) 0.88
Bangkok, Thailand PM2.5+NO2 Total 0.21 (-0.41, 0.82) Reference
Low 2.18 (0.26, 4.14) 0.05
High 0.17 (-0.44, 0.79) 0.94
PM2.5+SO2 Total 0.50 (-0.02, 1.03) Reference
Low 2.43 (0.38, 4.52) 0.07
High 0.18 (-0.43, 0.80) 0.43
Chiang Mai, Thailand PM2.5+NO2 Total 0.44 (-0.60, 1.50) Reference
Low 0.69 (-0.35, 1.75) 0.74
High 0.59 (-1.95, 3.20) 0.91
PM2.5+SO2 Total 0.55 (-0.45, 1.56) Reference
Low 0.86 (-0.13, 1.86) 0.66
High 1.45 (-0.44, 3.38) 0.41
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