Advances in oral and craniofacial bone regeneration modulated by stem cells and biomaterials

  • Zheng LI 1, 2 ,
  • Longwei LV 1, 2 ,
  • Xiao ZHANG 1, 2 ,
  • Dandan XIA 1, 2, 3 ,
  • Ping ZHANG 1, 2 ,
  • Yunsong LIU 1, 2 ,
  • Yongsheng ZHOU , 1, 2, *
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  • 1. Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Biomanufacturing and Regeneration of Craniofacial Tissues & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. Peking University Hospital of Stomatology Sanya Division(Sanya Stomatology Center), Sanya 572013, Hainan, China
  • 3. Department of Dental Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
ZHOU Yongsheng, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-11-05

  Online published: 2026-01-13

Supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82530030)

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82270954)

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81930026)

the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFB4605400)

the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFB1106900)

Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund Key Research Program of the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L222030)

Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(825YXQN603)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Cranio-maxillofacial bone defects resulting from trauma, tumors, infection, or congenital malformations not only severely impair patients' physiological functions, but also impose a profound psychological burden, constituting a major public health issue that affects overall health and quality of life. Conventional reconstructive approaches, including autologous grafting and allogeneic implantation, can partially restore tissue morphology; however, limitations, such as donor-site morbidity, immune rejection, and long-term resorption prevent the achievement of true biological functional reconstruction. These challenges are particularly pronounced in the repair of complex and large-scale bone defects. The underlying cause lies in the insufficient understanding of the complex cellular behaviors, signaling networks, and material-host interactions involved in bone regeneration, which hampers precise regulation of the repair process. Therefore, the development of new theories, technologies, and materials grounded in mechanistic insights has become a key strategic direction in cranio-maxillofacial bone regeneration research. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the Beijing Natural Science Foundation, and National and Provincial Major Talent Programs, our research group has addressed critical clinical challenges in cranio-maxillofacial bone defect repair by proposing an innovative concept of "regulating cell fate, designing intelligent biomaterials, and achieving functional reconstruction". Centered on this key scientific question, we have systematically carried out a full-chain research strategy spanning "fundamental theory-technological breakthroughs-product translation", overcoming multiple bottlenecks and achieving a series of original outcomes. (1) At the level of fundamental theory, we elucidated the epigenetic and ubiquitination regulatory networks governing skeletal stem cell fate determination, and precisely defined functional stem cell subpopulations using single-cell technologies. We also pioneered apoptotic vesicles as a new paradigm for cell-free therapy and clarified their functional diversity. (2) In terms of technological breakthroughs, we established 4D printing technologies with dynamically tunable morphology and function, developed metal surface engineering strategies that integrate controllable degradation with biofunctional regulation, and built artificial intelligence-driven intelligent design and manufacturing platforms. (3) Regarding translational applications, we developed a series of apoptotic vesicle-based biotherapeutics, smart responsive bone-repair scaffolds, and next-generation biofunctionalized biodegradable metal implants. Collectively, these achievements have advanced the fundamental theory of regenerative medicine, overcome key technological barriers, established new clinical strategies for cranio-maxillofacial tissue defect repair, and significantly enhanced core competitiveness in this field.

Cite this article

Zheng LI , Longwei LV , Xiao ZHANG , Dandan XIA , Ping ZHANG , Yunsong LIU , Yongsheng ZHOU . Advances in oral and craniofacial bone regeneration modulated by stem cells and biomaterials[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(2) : 272 -277 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.02.008

口腔颅颌面部骨组织因创伤、肿瘤、感染及先天性畸形等因素导致的缺损,不仅严重损害患者的生理功能,亦对其心理健康造成巨大冲击,已成为影响患者健康和生活质量的重大问题。传统的自体移植、异体植入等修复手段,虽在一定程度上恢复了组织形态,但因供区损伤、免疫排斥及远期吸收等局限性,使其难以实现真正意义上的生物学功能重建,尤其在复杂、大范围缺损的骨修复中面临巨大挑战。究其内在原因,是缺乏对骨组织再生过程中复杂的细胞行为、信号网络及材料-宿主相互作用的深入解析,导致现有治疗策略难以精准调控修复进程。因此,发展基于机制探索的新理论、新技术和新材料,是目前口腔颅颌面骨再生研究的重要战略方向。
本课题组前期在国家自然科学基金,北京市自然科学基金,国家级、省部级重大人才计划等项目支持下,针对口腔颅颌面骨组织缺损修复的临床难题,创新性地提出了“调控细胞命运-构建智能材料-实现功能重建”新理念。围绕这一关键科学问题,本课题组系统开展了“基础理论-技术突破-产品转化”全链条研究,突破多重制约瓶颈,取得了系列原创性成果:(1)在基础理论方面,揭示了骨骼干细胞(skeletal stem cells, SSCs)命运决定的表观遗传与泛素化调控网络,利用单细胞技术精准定义了功能性干细胞亚群,开辟了凋亡囊泡作为无细胞疗法的新方向,并阐明了其功能多样性;(2)在技术突破方面,创建了形态与功能双重动态可调的4D打印技术,开发了可控降解与生物功能协同的金属表面工程技术,并建立了人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI)驱动的智能设计与制造平台;(3)在产品转化方面,研发了系列基于凋亡囊泡的生物制剂、智能响应性骨修复支架及新一代生物功能化可降解金属植入物。研究成果创新了再生医学基础理论,突破了关键技术瓶颈,形成了口腔颅颌面组织缺损修复的临床新策略,提高了我国在该领域的核心竞争力。

1 SSCs命运的分子调控与精准干预

SSCs作为骨组织再生的核心细胞,其增殖与分化命运的精准调控是骨再生和修复策略的基石。本课题组长期致力于阐明SSCs命运调控的分子机制,研究路径经历了从间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells, MSCs)普适性调控规律的探索,逐步聚焦到利用单细胞技术鉴定特定解剖部位、具备特定功能的SSCs亚群,并实现了对其精准干预,体现了从宏观机制研究到微观精准调控的系统演进。

1.1 干细胞成骨分化的表观遗传调控网络

表观遗传修饰网络是决定细胞命运的顶层设计。本课题组的早期研究揭示,多种组蛋白修饰在MSCs向成骨谱系分化过程中扮演关键角色,例如H3K4甲基化、H3K9乙酰化等[1]。进一步研究阐明,调控这些修饰的关键酶类(如组蛋白乙酰转移酶PCAF和GCN5、甲基转移酶PRMT3和PRMT7、去甲基化酶RBP2和LSD1等)均是成骨分化的关键调控靶点[2-7],其中,去甲基化酶LSD1通过调节H3K4甲基化状态控制成骨基因的转录,抑制其活性能够显著增强成骨相关基因的表达[8]
在非编码RNA层面,本课题组率先报道了miR-34a和miR-375在人脂肪来源干细胞(human adipose stem cells, hASCs)中具有显著的促成骨效应,并解析了其下游的RBP2/Notch1和YAP1/DEPTOR信号通路介导的分子机制[9-10]。此外,针对炎症微环境,本课题组发现长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA, lncRNA)MIR31HG和MEG3的表达变化会影响成骨分化,为治疗炎症相关骨缺损提供了新的分子靶点[11-12]

1.2 细胞命运决定的新靶点与药物再利用

除表观遗传机制外,本课题组进一步探索了细胞命运调控的新层面——泛素-蛋白酶体系统(ubiquitin-proteasome system, UPS),研究揭示,APC/C泛素连接酶复合体的核心组分CDC20在骨损伤修复中发挥关键作用,其通过降解p65蛋白促进成骨,同时通过调控β-catenin信号抑制成脂分化,从而维持MSCs的“成骨-成脂”分化平衡[13-14]。此外,另一泛素连接酶UBE2C被证实可稳定成骨关键蛋白SMAD1/5,进一步拓展了UPS在骨再生调控中的生物学意义[15]。同时,磷酸酶DUSP5也被发现可通过SCP1/2依赖的SMAD1磷酸化途径促进成骨分化,其Linker结构域作为发挥功能的关键区域,为磷酸酶类靶点的药物化提供了新的可能[16]
基于上述关键靶点的发现,本课题组开展了系统性的药物再利用研究。研究筛选并验证出两种具备显著成骨作用的药物:(1)美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration, FDA)批准的药物柳氮磺胺吡啶(sulfasalazine, SAS),可通过抑制谷氨酸转运蛋白SLC7A11,显著增强MSCs的成骨能力并有效缓解去势小鼠的骨质流失[17];(2)低浓度的氟芬那酸,可通过抑制核因子κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路,提升干细胞的成骨潜能[18-19],这些结果为骨再生治疗提供了新靶点以及可快速转化的药物资源。

1.3 基于单细胞技术的精准靶向

MSCs在体内的真实身份和异质性长期存在争议。本课题组利用人类长骨骨髓样本,结合单细胞转录组测序和单克隆功能验证,发现传统基于集落形成单位(colony forming unit, CFU)和体外分化潜能筛选出的MSCs群体,在体内移植时大多不具备成骨潜能。在此基础上,本课题组首次精准识别并定义了两类功能明确的人类长骨骨髓SSCs亚群:一类高表达CD44、CD73和TM4SF1,具备强大的成骨潜能;另一类高表达LIFR和PDGFRB,主要负责重塑髓腔[20]
考虑到颅颌面骨与长骨在发育起源和修复能力上的显著差异,本课题组利用大动物模型和人类颅骨样本,成功分离并鉴定出一类具有自我更新能力的ALPL+PDGFD+颅骨骨膜SSCs亚群。机制研究发现,早期生长反应因子1(early growth response protein 1,EGR1)在该亚群激活过程中发挥关键调控作用[21],这一发现不仅证实了SSCs的“位点特异性”,还提供了一个可靶向的精准分子靶点,为开发基于原位激活颅骨自身修复潜能的新疗法奠定了理论基础。

2 细胞外囊泡:无细胞再生治疗新策略

细胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles, EVs)作为细胞间信息传递的天然载体,为开发“无细胞”的再生治疗策略提供了理想工具。本课题组围绕EVs,尤其是凋亡囊泡,开展了系统性研究。

2.1 从外泌体到凋亡囊泡的策略性拓展

本课题组前期研究证实,MSCs来源的外泌体能够显著促进骨缺损修复[22-23],然而,外泌体存在提取流程复杂、产率低、成本高昂等瓶颈问题,严重制约了其规模化生产和临床转化。鉴于此,本课题组将研究焦点转向了另一类EVs亚型——凋亡囊泡。细胞凋亡是机体正常的生理过程,人体每天都会有大约2 000亿~3 000亿个细胞完成更新,以维持内环境稳态。与外泌体相比,凋亡囊泡具有提取简单、产量高、成本低、检测容易等突出优势,很好地弥补了外泌体的缺陷,更适合临床转化应用。本课题组率先系统解析了MSCs来源凋亡囊泡的生物学特性,绘制了其独特的蛋白质表达图谱,明确了其特征性表面标志物(如Fas),并建立了一套可靠的分离与鉴定标准[24]

2.2 凋亡囊泡的再生机制与功能多样性

在功能层面,本课题组率先证实供体MSCs来源的凋亡囊泡能够通过转运关键信号分子,调控宿主细胞的凋亡-生存平衡和成骨分化功能,进而显著改善由于卵巢去势、衰老等原因导致的骨丢失[25-26]
本课题组发现,不同来源细胞产生的凋亡囊泡携带的生物活性分子和功能各不相同。系统性研究证实,MSCs来源的凋亡囊泡通过miR-1324/SNX14/SMAD1/5信号轴调控骨代谢[25];血小板来源的凋亡囊泡通过其携带的高尔基体磷蛋白2,激活AKT信号通路促进骨再生[27];红细胞来源的凋亡囊泡则通过其富含的碳酸酐酶1发挥促成骨效应[28]。这种对不同来源凋亡囊泡差异化机制的深入解析,为未来根据不同病理状态选择最适宜的凋亡囊泡来源、实现“个性化囊泡治疗”提供了理论基础。

2.3 工程化囊泡增强疗效

为进一步提升凋亡囊泡的治疗效能,本课题组探索了两种增强策略:(1)通过基因工程手段对源细胞进行编辑,使其产生富含特定促成骨分子的“定制化”凋亡囊泡[29];(2)将凋亡囊泡与先进的生物材料递送系统相结合,例如,将凋亡囊泡负载于聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid, PLGA]多孔微球中,利用微球的可控降解特性,实现了凋亡囊泡在骨缺损局部的序贯、长效释放,显著提高了其生物利用度和治疗效果[30]

3 新一代植入物:可降解金属的生物功能化

传统惰性金属植入物存在应力遮蔽、需要二次手术等问题。本课题组致力于开发新型可降解金属,将金属的“降解过程”转变为一个主动的、可控的“生物调控过程”,使其在降解的同时原位释放具有生物活性的离子,促进组织再生。

3.1 可降解镁合金:从控制腐蚀到生物调控

本课题组研发出新型的镁-锂-钙三元合金,旨在优化其力学与降解性能。机制研究证实,该合金降解过程中协同释放的镁离子、锂离子和钙离子,能够协同激活宿主骨髓MSCs内的Wnt/β-catenin经典成骨信号通路,从而促进新骨形成[31]。为解决其降解过快的问题,本课题组原创性开发了一种具有pH响应性的自愈合涂层,在腐蚀发生、局部pH值改变时,该涂层能够智能响应局部微环境的变化,释放腐蚀抑制因子并实现腐蚀区域的“自愈合”,从而将不可预测的局部腐蚀转变为均匀降解[32]

3.2 可降解锌合金:强度、降解与功能的平衡

本课题组开发了系列锌-稀土合金,实现了力学强度、降解速率和生物学功能三者间的最佳平衡[33-34]。在表面工程方面,本课题组在锌合金表面构建了一层致密的二氧化锆纳米膜,可在植入早期有效控制离子的初始暴释,显著提高了材料的早期生物相容性[35]。为实现更智能的降解调控,本课题组还设计了一种光响应涂层,可通过体外光照触发涂层的降解,实现对降解速率的“按需调控”[36]。此外,本课题组率先将纯锌开发为引导骨再生膜,并进一步通过与矿化胶原复合,赋予其免疫调节功能,拓展了可降解金属的应用场景[37-38]

3.3 金属增材制造:个性化多孔支架

本课题组克服了医用锌在激光粉末床熔化(laser powder bed fusion, LPBF)过程中易产生缺陷的技术瓶颈,制造出具有精准可控、相互连通的多孔结构的个性化植入物,并证实了3D打印锌基多孔支架的优异力学性能和显著增强的骨整合能力,为锌合金多孔支架的临床转化提供了坚实的理论支持[39-42]
综上,本课题组围绕口腔颅颌面组织骨再生修复的机制解析、材料创新与临床转化这一重要命题,取得的研究成果深化了对口腔颅颌面组织再生分子机制的认知,支撑了再生医学基础理论的革新,创建了以精准调控细胞命运和再生微环境为核心的临床治疗新策略,形成了具有自主知识产权的核心技术与产品,提升了我国口腔颅颌面再生医学领域的医疗创新国际竞争力。

4 智能生物材料:从被动支架到主动调控

生物材料是承载细胞与信号、引导组织再生的关键平台。本课题组在材料领域的研究范式经历了从模仿自然组织结构的“仿生”阶段,到设计能够主动调控生物学过程的“生物活性”阶段,最终迈向了能够根据指令或环境变化进行自适应调控的“生物智能”新阶段[43]

4.1 第四维度:形态与功能双重动态可调的再生支架

本课题组在3D打印技术的基础上引入“时间”这一第四维度,研发出4D打印骨修复支架,其核心在于实现“形态”与“功能”的双重动态可调。
形态动态可调:针对口腔颌面部不规则骨缺损,传统预成型支架难以完美贴合的临床痛点,本课题组采用形状记忆高分子材料,利用4D打印技术,可为患者“量身定制”支架的最终形态。植入前,该支架可被压缩成较小体积以便于微创植入;植入缺损区后,在体温的触发下,它能自动恢复到预设的精确形态,与复杂的骨缺损边缘实现无缝贴合[44]
功能动态可调:本课题组进一步为支架赋予“智能药库”的功能。将前期研究中筛选出的高效促成骨小分子药物负载于支架中,并通过对近红外光敏感的纳米体系进行封装。在支架植入后,可在特定时间点,通过体外无创的近红外光照射,精准触发特定区域的药物释放[45-47]。这种时空序列可控的药物递送,将支架从被动的物理支撑,升级为一个主动的、可编程的“原位生物反应器”。此外,本课题组还证实含硒水凝胶、含硒金属植入物等材料能有效促进软硬组织修复[48-49]

4.2 AI赋能:智能设计与数字化制造

为将复杂的智能材料设计理念高效、精准地付诸实践,本课题组全面引入AI技术,构建了“AI智能设计与优化”系统。在临床端,研发了基于深度学习的口腔颌面部三维智能识别与分析系统,能够从CT或锥形束CT数据中自动分割并识别骨缺损、牙齿缺损的边界,并智能生成修复体的初步设计方案;在研发端,利用AI算法对支架的微观拓扑结构进行力学优化,确保其在具备最佳生物学性能的同时,也能满足承力要求。最终,由AI驱动的优化设计方案,能够无缝对接到3D/4D/6D打印等数字化制造平台,实现从影像扫描到个性化智能支架精准制造的全数字化工作流程[50]

获奖项目: 2025年北京医学科技奖特等奖、2020年中华口腔医学会科技奖一等奖、2021年湖北省科技进步奖一等奖、2015年和2017年北京市科学技术奖三等奖、中国科技青年论坛一等奖、IADR中国分会“杰出青年学者奖”、首都卫生健康系统“未来之星”

国家专利: 负载APOA2的血小板凋亡囊泡及其制备方法与用途, 发明专利(ZL202411416904.2), 2025; 人骨髓间充质干细胞来源凋亡囊泡的表面标志物及其应用, 发明专利(ZL202211576185.1), 2023; 一种大鼠牙槽骨组织来源的凋亡囊泡的制备方法及其应用, 发明专利(ZL202311318081.5), 2024; 一种凋亡囊泡自组装改性PLGA多孔微球复合材料及其用途, 发明专利(ZL202311086911.6), 2024; 一种大鼠牙龈组织来源的凋亡囊泡的制备方法及其应用, 发明专利(ZL202311318078.3), 2024; 一种动物组织来源的凋亡囊泡的制备方法及其应用, 发明专利(ZL202211592026.0), 2023; 一种凋亡微囊泡及其制备方法和应用, 发明专利(ZL202111282900.6), 2023; 一种人血小板凋亡微囊泡的应用, 发明专利(ZL202210217797.5), 2022; 一种含硒高分子化合物修饰的钛材料及其制备方法与用途, 发明专利(ZL202410220052.3), 2024; 3D打印材料及其制备方法和应用, 发明专利(ZL202111328594.5), 2021; 一种骨修复材料及其制备方法和应用, 发明专利(ZL202111051319.3), 2021; 一种三维修复体形态和位置确定方法, 发明专利(ZL202210577667.2), 2022; 一种智能口腔三维美学分析方法, 发明专利(ZL202111151416.X), 2021; 一种根尖手术导板及其制作方法, 发明专利(ZL202110219159.2), 2021

国际专利: Method for preparing apoptotic vesicles from human erythrocytes and use thereof, 国际PCT专利(PCT/CN2022/136389), 2022; Use of human platelet-apoptotic vesicles, 国际PCT专利(PCT/CN2022/117997), 2022

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  周永胜、李峥:提出论文思路;吕珑薇、张晓、夏丹丹、张萍、刘云松:收集、分析、整理文献;李峥:撰写论文;周永胜:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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