Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with chest trauma in intensive care unit

  • Jie ZHAO ,
  • Chun FU ,
  • Xiujuan ZHAO ,
  • Haiyan XUE ,
  • Shu LI ,
  • Zhenzhou WANG ,
  • Fengxue ZHU , *
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  • Department of Critical Care Medicine, Trauma Treatment Center, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
ZHU Fengxue, e-mail,

Received date: 2024-02-22

  Online published: 2025-09-24

Supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81971808)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Objective: To explore the risk factors associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in the patients with chest trauma in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 124 adult trauma patients admitted to the surgical ICU of Peking University People' s Hospital between June 2019 and June 2023. These patients underwent tra-cheal intubation within 24 hours of admission and received mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours. Based on whether VAP occurred during hospitalization, the patients were divided into a VAP group (46 cases) and a non-VAP group (78 cases). Lasso regression analysis was employed for variable selection, followed by Logistic regression analysis to determine the risk factors for VAP in these patients with chest trauma in the ICU. Results: The multivariate regression analysis indicated that the injury severity score (ISS) (OR=1.08, 95%CI: 1.02-1.14, P=0.007) and tracheostomy (OR=4.61, 95%CI: 1.74-13.11, P=0.003) were independent risk factors for VAP in the patients with chest trauma (P < 0.05). Among all VAP cases, early-onset VAP was observed in 19 patients, while late-onset VAP was observed in 27 patients. The most common pathogen in all VAP cases was Klebsiella pneumoniae, identified in 18 cases (39.1%). In early-onset VAP, Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently detected pathogen, found in 10 cases (52.6%). Conversely, in late-onset VAP, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii were the most prevalent pathogens, each appearing in 10 cases (37.0%). Conclusion: The occurrence of VAP in the patients with chest trauma in the ICU was influenced by multiple factors. This study identified that a higher ISS and the presence of a tracheostomy were independent risk factors for VAP in these patients. These findings suggest that in clinical practice, special attention should be given to the chest trauma patients with high ISS scores, and the timing and necessity of tracheostomy should be carefully considered to reduce the incidence of VAP and improve patient outcomes. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of early identification and appropriate management of the patients at higher risk for developing VAP. By recognizing the significance of these risk factors, healthcare providers can implement targeted interventions and preventive measures, such as optimizing ventilation strategies and enhancing infection control practices. Future research should further explore additional factors that may influence the occurrence of VAP and verify these findings to provide stronger evidence for the prevention and treatment of VAP. Additionally, multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are recommended to validate these results and develop comprehensive guidelines for managing the chest trauma patients in the ICU.

Cite this article

Jie ZHAO , Chun FU , Xiujuan ZHAO , Haiyan XUE , Shu LI , Zhenzhou WANG , Fengxue ZHU . Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with chest trauma in intensive care unit[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(2) : 351 -358 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.02.020

呼吸机相关性肺炎(ventilator-associated pneumonia,VAP)是指气管插管或气管切开患者接受机械通气48 h后至机械通气撤机、拔管后48 h内出现或发生的肺炎。依据发病时间的不同,分为早发VAP(< 5 d)与晚发VAP(≥5 d)[1]。不同地区和患者群体,VAP的定义标准不同,有研究显示近年来大于48 h机械通气患者中VAP的发病率一般为5%~40%,或者为每1 000个呼吸机日2~30次,归因死亡率为9%~13%[2-4]。VAP常增加患者抗生素用量,延长重症监护病房(intensive care unit, ICU)时间和住院时间,且增加医疗费用[5-7]。VAP与多种病原体相关,主要由耐药性革兰氏阴性杆菌[如铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)和不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)]以及各种肠杆菌科细菌和革兰氏阳性细菌[如葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus)和链球菌(Streptococcus)]构成,其中鲍曼不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)与迟发和复发性VAP相关,而流感嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus influenzae)则在早发性VAP案例中被提及[8-12]。有研究显示,创伤患者VAP的发病率更高[13],关键危险因素包括是否合并急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)、脊柱和胸部损伤、大量输血及长期ICU住院[14]。对于颅脑损伤患者,格拉斯哥昏迷指数评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)≤ 9、呕吐史、开颅手术及气管切开术均增加VAP风险[15]。此外,2型糖尿病也显著增加这类患者的VAP发生率[16]。在接受选择性消化道去污染的创伤患者中,插管使用的非去极化肌肉松弛剂、插管持续时间、长期ICU住院及既往气管定植都是晚发性VAP的危险因素[17]。国外多项研究发现,胸部创伤在创伤患者中显著增加了VAP的风险,尤其是在严重创伤性脑损伤的患者中,这种关联可能与肺挫伤、肋骨骨折和血液制品输注等因素有关[18-23]。目前国内关于胸部创伤患者发生VAP的情况和危险因素的研究还比较少,考虑到VAP可能对这类患者的预后产生负面影响,研究胸部创伤患者VAP的主要危险因素对于制定有效的预防措施至关重要。本研究目的是分析胸部创伤患者在ICU内发生VAP的相关危险因素,以期降低这类患者VAP的发生率,进一步改善其临床预后。

1 资料与方法

1.1 临床资料

本研究为回顾性分析,收集2019年6月至2023年6月于北京大学人民医院入住外科ICU且24 h之内进行气管插管的创伤患者,患者的机械通气时间≥48 h,收集分析每例患者的病历资料。本研究获得北京大学人民医院生物医学伦理委员会批准(批准号:2022PHB295-001)。根据纳入和排除标准,患者入组流程见图 1
图1 患者入组流程图

Figure 1 Patients enrollment flowchart

ICU, intensive care unit; VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.

1.2 诊断标准

依据《中国成人医院获得性肺炎和VAP诊疗指南》(2018年版)[1]的标准进行诊断:胸部X线或CT显示新出现或进展性的浸润影、实变影或磨玻璃影,还应具备下列3种临床表现中的2种或以上:(1)发热,体温>38 ℃;(2)脓性气道分泌物;(3)外周血白细胞计数>10×109/L或<4×109/L。微生物学诊断方法为经气管插管吸引其内分泌物进行半定量培养,且与临床表现相符。

1.3 纳入与排除标准

纳入标准:(1)胸部外伤的患者;(2)气管插管时间>48 h;(3)在住院期间发生VAP。排除标准:(1)非胸部外伤的患者;(2)气管插管前确诊肺炎;(3)数据缺失或不完整;(4)经外院气管插管治疗后转入本院的患者。

1.4 研究方法

从患者的病历记录、临床检验和影像数据库中收集资料,包括:年龄、性别、生命体征、损伤类型和严重程度、是否存在VAP、医院和ICU的住院时间和生存数据。根据住院期间是否发生VAP分为VAP组和非VAP组。

1.5 统计学分析

采用R 4.3.2统计软件进行统计分析。正态分布的计量资料使用平均值±标准差(${\bar x}$±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(四分位数间距)[M (P25P75)]表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料采用例数(百分率)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Lasso回归筛选因素,多因素分析采用Logistic回归分析,危险因素使用比值比(odds ratio,OR)和95%置信区间(confidence interval,CI)表示。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 基线资料

本研究共纳入124例成人创伤患者,包括78例非VAP患者和46例VAP患者,分析患者的临床特征和预后显示,机械通气大于48 h的胸部创伤患者中,VAP发病率为37.1%。两组患者在年龄上差异无统计学意义[58 (46, 66)岁vs. 54 (43, 64)岁,P=0.660]。在性别分布上,虽然VAP组男性的比例更高(84.8% vs. 70.5%),但两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.073)。病史方面,两组在糖尿病、高血压、慢性肾病、慢性乙型肝炎、脑血管病、肺气肿、冠心病、吸烟史和饮酒史等方面的差异均无统计学意义,P值范围从0.144至0.999。外伤类型(车祸伤、坠落伤、摔伤、砸伤)在两组间的差异也无统计学意义(P=0.854)。全身外伤情况的分析表明,头部损伤在VAP组中更为常见(69.6% vs. 50.0%,P=0.033),在面部损伤、腹部损伤、脊柱损伤和骨盆损伤方面,两组间差异无统计学意义。VAP组的损伤严重度评分(injury severity score,ISS)显著高于非VAP组[26 (19, 34) vs. 29 (26, 34),P=0.003],反映神经状态的评分GCS在两组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.022)。胸部外伤情况的分析显示,胸部简明损伤评分(abbreviated injury scale,AIS)、肋骨骨折数量、锁骨骨折、胸骨骨折、肺挫伤、胸腔积液和气胸的发生率在两组间差异无统计学意义。血常规检查结果中,白细胞计数、中性粒细胞百分比、血红蛋白含量和血小板计数在两组间差异均无统计学意义。两组间血制品(红细胞、血浆和血小板)使用情况差异也无统计学意义。并发症方面,静脉血栓栓塞(venous thromboembolism, VTE)、AKI和急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)的发生率两组间差异无统计学意义。在ICU操作中,VAP组进行气管切开的比例显著高于非VAP组(39.1% vs. 10.3%,P < 0.001)。两组患者的手术类型(胸部、颅脑、骨盆、脊柱和腹部手术)差异无统计学意义。VAP组的机械通气时间显著长于非VAP组[(299±290) h vs. (183±116) h,P=0.012]。两组患者在ICU住院时间[(16±9) d vs. (19±12) d,P=0.14]和出院结局(死亡率: 12.8% vs. 10.9%,P=0.748)方面差异无统计学意义(表 1)。
表1 患者的基线资料(n=124)

Table 1 Baseline data of patients (n=124)

Feature Non-VAP (n=78) VAP (n=46) P value
General information
  Age/years, M (P25, P75) 58 (46, 66) 54 (43, 64) 0.660
  Gender (male), n (%) 55 (70.5) 39 (84.8) 0.073
Medical history, n (%)
  Diabetes 7 (9.0) 5 (10.9) 0.760
  Hypertension 15 (19.2) 16 (34.8) 0.053
  Chronic kidney disease 1 (1.3) 1 (2.2) 0.999
  Hepatitis B 2 (2.6) 1 (2.2) 0.999
  Cerebrovascular disease 5 (6.4) 5 (10.9) 0.497
  Emphysema 5 (6.4) 1 (2.2) 0.411
  Coronary heart disease 1 (1.3) 3 (6.5) 0.144
  Smoking history 9 (11.5) 5 (10.9) 0.909
  Drinking history 6 (7.7) 4 (8.7) 0.999
Type of trauma, n (%) 0.854
  Traffic accident injury 50 (64.1) 32 (69.6)
  Fall injury 18 (23.1) 9 (19.6)
  Slip injury 6 (7.7) 2 (4.3)
  Crush injury 4 (5.1) 3 (6.5)
Overall trauma condition
  Shock, n (%) 26 (33.3) 20 (43.5) 0.259
  Head injury, n (%) 39 (50.0) 32 (69.6) 0.033
  Facial injury, n (%) 28 (35.9) 18 (39.1) 0.719
  Abdominal injury, n (%) 35 (44.9) 19 (41.3) 0.699
  Spinal injury, n (%) 32 (41.0) 23 (50.0) 0.331
  Pelvic injury, n (%) 38 (48.7) 25 (54.3) 0.545
  ISS score, M (P25, P75) 26 (19, 34) 29 (26, 34) 0.003
  GCS score, M (P25, P75) 14 (11, 15) 13 (7, 15) 0.022
Chest trauma condition
  Chest AIS score, ${\bar x}$±s 3.15±0.77 3.33±0.70 0.207
  Number of rib fractures, M (P25, P75) 5 (2, 10) 4 (2, 10) 0.801
  Clavicle fracture, n (%) 12 (15.4) 12 (26.1) 0.145
  Sternum fracture, n (%) 7 (9.0) 3 (6.5) 0.743
  Lung contusion, n (%) 53 (67.9) 33 (71.7) 0.658
  Pleural effusion, n (%) 49 (62.8) 31 (67.4) 0.607
  Pneumothorax, n (%) 29 (37.2) 20 (43.5) 0.488
Routine blood tests
  White blood cell count/(×109/L), M (P25, P75) 16.71 (12.58, 21.53) 18.41 (14.92, 22.57) 0.145
  Neutrophil percentage/%, M (P25, P75) 90.6 (88.6, 92.8) 90.2 (87.7, 92.1) 0.247
  Hemoglobin level/(g/L), ${\bar x}$±s 79.31±17.55 79.80±16.98 0.402
  Platelet count/(×109/L), M (P25, P75) 65 (47, 110) 75 (49, 120) 0.284
Blood product usage
  Red blood cells/U, M (P25, P75) 6 (1, 13) 8 (4, 14) 0.327
  Plasma/mL, M (P25, P75) 400 (0, 900) 400 (0, 1 050) 0.580
  Platelets/U, ${\bar x}$±s 0.51±1.36 0.43±0.91 0.703
Complications, n (%)
  VTE 4 (5.1) 2 (4.3) 0.999
  AKI 6 (7.7) 3 (6.5) 0.999
  ARDS 2 (2.6) 3 (6.5) 0.359
ICU procedures, n (%)
  CVC 48 (61.5) 30 (65.2) 0.682
  Thoracentesis 34 (43.6) 15 (32.6) 0.227
  Tracheostomy 8 (10.3) 18 (39.1) < 0.001
  Multiple intubations 2 (2.6) 4 (8.7) 0.193
Surgeries, n (%)
  Thoracic surgery 29 (37.2) 14 (30.4) 0.446
  Cranial surgery 13 (16.7) 8 (17.4) 0.917
  Pelvic surgery 17 (21.8) 12 (26.1) 0.585
  Spinal surgery 9 (11.5) 6 (13.0) 0.804
  Abdominal surgery 9 (11.5) 9 (19.6) 0.220
  Femoral surgery 11 (14.1) 4 (8.7) 0.372
Mechanical ventilation duration/h, ${\bar x}$±s 183±116 299±290 0.012
Outcomes
  ICU stay duration/d, ${\bar x}$±s 16±9 19±12 0.140
  Discharge outcome (mortality), n (%) 10 (12.8) 5 (10.9) 0.748

VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; ISS, injury severity score; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; AIS, abbreviated injury scale; VTE, venous thromboembolism; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; CVC, central venous catheter.

2.2 早发VAP与晚发VAP的病原体

本研究结果显示,VAP群体中早期VAP为19例,晚期VAP为27例。所有VAP病例中,最常见的病原体是肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae),共出现18次(39.1%),其次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌。根据VAP的发病时间来看,病原体分布的差异有统计学意义。在早期VAP中,肺炎克雷伯菌的出现频率最高,为10次(52.6%);在晚期VAP中,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌的出现频率最高,均为10次(37.0%), 见表 2
表2 VAP患者中的病原菌分布

Table 2 Pathogen distribution in VAP patients

Pathogen Total VAP patients (n=46), n (%) Early-onset VAP (n=19), n (%) Late-onset VAP (n=27), n (%)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12 (26.1) 2 (10.5) 10 (37.0)
Acinetobacter baumannii 13 (28.3) 3 (15.8) 10 (37.0)
Klebsiella pneumoniae 18 (39.1) 10 (52.6) 8 (29.6)
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 7 (15.2) 0 (0) 7 (25.9)
Escherichia coli 2 (4.3) 2 (10.5) 0 (0)
Candida albicans 2 (4.3) 0 (0) 2 (7.4)
Enterobacter cloacae 2 (4.3) 0 (0) 2 (7.4)

VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia.

2.3 胸部创伤患者发生VAP的多因素分析

通过Lasso回归对数据进行正则化处理,建立Lasso回归模型的方法为二分类模型,采用交叉验证10折,λ=100,筛选出最具有代表性的影响VAP发病的因素。Lasso回归的系数剖面图与Lasso回归交叉验证曲线图见图 2,其中,最小距离标准误差的λ为0.104,对应模型的变量选择为气管切开+ISS评分。将Lasso回归筛选出的变量纳入Logistic回归模型,结果显示ISS评分(OR=1.069,95%CI:1.017~1.128,P=0.011)和气管切开(OR=4.995,95%CI:1.928~13.904,P=0.001)是胸部创伤患者发生VAP的独立危险因素(P < 0.05,表 3)。
图2 Lasso回归系数惩罚图

Figure 2 Lasso regression coefficient penalty plot

A, Lasso coefficient profiles plotted against the logeλ. The upper axis indicates the number of non-zero coefficients. B, ten-fold cross-validation for determining the optimal tuning parameter λ (λ_min and λ_1se) in the Lasso regression model.

表3 Logistic回归模型多因素分析

Table 3 Multivariate analysis in the Logistic regression model

Predictor Estimate SE Z P Odds ratio Lower Upper
(Intercept) -2.773 0.783 -3.543 0.000 0.062 0.012 0.268
ISS score 0.067 0.026 2.550 0.011 1.069 1.017 1.128
Tracheostomy 1.608 0.499 3.224 0.001 4.995 1.928 13.904

ISS, injury severity score.

3 讨论

在ICU中,VAP是一种常见的并发症。既往研究表明,胸部创伤与VAP的发生之间存在显著关联。本研究通过对外科ICU胸部创伤患者这一群体的个体特征及其所接受的临床治疗进行仔细筛选和分析,发现较高的ISS评分以及气管切开操作与胸部创伤患者发生VAP之间存在密切联系。ISS评分是一个广泛应用于临床医学领域的工具,用以量化创伤的严重性,在此评分系统中,评分的高低直接反映了患者所遭受创伤的严重程度,进而提示患者病情的严重性。一项关于创伤性颅脑损伤(trauma-tic brain injury,TBI)患者群体的meta分析[24]以及一项大型多中心的TBI患者群体研究[18]发现,ISS评分是VAP的独立危险因素,这与本研究得出的结论一致。值得注意的是,既往研究选取的患者群体主要是TBI患者,提示ISS评分可能是通过TBI的严重程度影响VAP的发生,本研究的患者群体特点是胸部创伤,提示ISS评分可能通过全身创伤严重程度综合影响VAP的发生,其机制可能与重度创伤患者免疫功能低下、抵抗各种感染的能力较差有关,此外,创伤严重的患者容易出现炎症级联反应,引起肺内炎症因子聚集,有助于细菌定植和感染,从而增加VAP的发生风险。除此之外,TBI患者与胸部创伤患者都存在排痰受限以及气道引流不佳的情况,前者更多是由于中枢神经系统功能障碍导致的全身性影响,后者则更多是由于直接的机械性损伤和疼痛导致的呼吸机制受损。由于回顾性研究的局限性,我们未能直接评估排痰受限和气道引流不佳这两个潜在的风险因素,未来的前瞻性研究应该着重评估这些因素对胸部创伤患者VAP风险的影响,例如,通过定量或定性记录气道分泌物体积或性状,研究其对VAP发病的影响,并在此基础上探讨改善排痰和优化气道引流的策略。
气管切开是一种在危重患者中常用的有创操作,常用于气道受阻、长期机械通气以及气道分泌物多且难以清除的患者。然而,气管切开也伴随许多并发症,其中一种常见并发症是气管切开相关性肺炎,男性、气管切开时间较长的患者面临更大风险[25]。既往研究对于气管切开与VAP的关系存在分歧,有些研究认为气管切开是VAP的保护因素,一项关于TBI患者群体的meta分析认为,TBI患者的早期气管切开术可以降低VAP的风险[26];一项关于中风患者的meta分析认为,与晚期气管切开相比,早期气管切开组患者VAP的发生率较低[27]。另有些研究认为,气管切开会增加VAP的发生风险,Altinsoy等[28]在一项296例接受气管切开治疗患者的回顾性队列研究中发现,气管切开组的VAP明显较高;Pawlik等[29]在一项371例危重患者的回顾性队列研究中发现,气管切开是VAP的独立危险因素;一项我国的meta分析也支持这一结果[30]。本研究结果显示,气管切开是VAP发生的独立危险因素(OR=4.61,95%CI:1.74~13.11,P=0.003),对于既往研究关于这一观点的分歧,我们认为其关键可能在于气管切开的时机问题,不同时间点的气管切开对于VAP的影响可能截然相反,可能基于以下假设原因:早期由于口腔或者消化道的细菌还未定植至气管插管或下呼吸道,因此早期气管切开可将分泌物积聚在气管套囊上方,并且可以减少机械通气持续时间;而晚期气管切开可能由于消化道或者口腔细菌已经定植于气管切开切口以下的呼吸道,加之气管切开还可增加气道异物感和咳嗽反射减弱,造成清除痰液困难,导致加重了VAP的发病进程。由于目前对于气管切开的最佳时机选择尚不明确,因此,确定气管切开的最佳时机以及明确VAP细菌定植时间,对于减少VAP的发生有着至关重要的意义。
此外,本研究发现革兰氏阴性菌是VAP的主要病原菌,其中最常见的是肺炎克雷伯菌,其次是鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌,此结果与Chaari等[31]之前的研究发现一致。本研究还发现,早发VAP与晚发VAP的病原菌有所区别,早发VAP中肺炎克雷伯菌的占比最多,而晚发VAP中鲍曼不动杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌较多,这与Gunalan等[32]和Male等[33]的研究结果相似。
本研究存在一定的局限性,首先,样本量较小且为单中心研究;其次,仅探讨了胸部创伤患者在ICU内发生VAP的相关危险因素,未进一步研究VAP对上述患者预后的影响。将来需要进一步开展多中心研究、扩大样本量,以验证上述临床结果,并进行相关危险因素的干预性研究,以减少胸部创伤患者ICU内VAP的发生率,改善其临床预后。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  赵杰:撰写论文;付春、赵秀娟、薛海岩、李纾、王振洲:收集、分析、整理数据;朱凤雪:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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Outlines

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