1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
1.2 诊断标准
1.3 纳入与排除标准
1.4 研究方法
1.5 统计学分析
2 结果
2.1 基线资料
表1 患者的基线资料(n=124)Table 1 Baseline data of patients (n=124) |
| Feature | Non-VAP (n=78) | VAP (n=46) | P value |
| General information | |||
| Age/years, M (P25, P75) | 58 (46, 66) | 54 (43, 64) | 0.660 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 55 (70.5) | 39 (84.8) | 0.073 |
| Medical history, n (%) | |||
| Diabetes | 7 (9.0) | 5 (10.9) | 0.760 |
| Hypertension | 15 (19.2) | 16 (34.8) | 0.053 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.2) | 0.999 |
| Hepatitis B | 2 (2.6) | 1 (2.2) | 0.999 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 5 (6.4) | 5 (10.9) | 0.497 |
| Emphysema | 5 (6.4) | 1 (2.2) | 0.411 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1 (1.3) | 3 (6.5) | 0.144 |
| Smoking history | 9 (11.5) | 5 (10.9) | 0.909 |
| Drinking history | 6 (7.7) | 4 (8.7) | 0.999 |
| Type of trauma, n (%) | 0.854 | ||
| Traffic accident injury | 50 (64.1) | 32 (69.6) | |
| Fall injury | 18 (23.1) | 9 (19.6) | |
| Slip injury | 6 (7.7) | 2 (4.3) | |
| Crush injury | 4 (5.1) | 3 (6.5) | |
| Overall trauma condition | |||
| Shock, n (%) | 26 (33.3) | 20 (43.5) | 0.259 |
| Head injury, n (%) | 39 (50.0) | 32 (69.6) | 0.033 |
| Facial injury, n (%) | 28 (35.9) | 18 (39.1) | 0.719 |
| Abdominal injury, n (%) | 35 (44.9) | 19 (41.3) | 0.699 |
| Spinal injury, n (%) | 32 (41.0) | 23 (50.0) | 0.331 |
| Pelvic injury, n (%) | 38 (48.7) | 25 (54.3) | 0.545 |
| ISS score, M (P25, P75) | 26 (19, 34) | 29 (26, 34) | 0.003 |
| GCS score, M (P25, P75) | 14 (11, 15) | 13 (7, 15) | 0.022 |
| Chest trauma condition | |||
| Chest AIS score, ${\bar x}$±s | 3.15±0.77 | 3.33±0.70 | 0.207 |
| Number of rib fractures, M (P25, P75) | 5 (2, 10) | 4 (2, 10) | 0.801 |
| Clavicle fracture, n (%) | 12 (15.4) | 12 (26.1) | 0.145 |
| Sternum fracture, n (%) | 7 (9.0) | 3 (6.5) | 0.743 |
| Lung contusion, n (%) | 53 (67.9) | 33 (71.7) | 0.658 |
| Pleural effusion, n (%) | 49 (62.8) | 31 (67.4) | 0.607 |
| Pneumothorax, n (%) | 29 (37.2) | 20 (43.5) | 0.488 |
| Routine blood tests | |||
| White blood cell count/(×109/L), M (P25, P75) | 16.71 (12.58, 21.53) | 18.41 (14.92, 22.57) | 0.145 |
| Neutrophil percentage/%, M (P25, P75) | 90.6 (88.6, 92.8) | 90.2 (87.7, 92.1) | 0.247 |
| Hemoglobin level/(g/L), ${\bar x}$±s | 79.31±17.55 | 79.80±16.98 | 0.402 |
| Platelet count/(×109/L), M (P25, P75) | 65 (47, 110) | 75 (49, 120) | 0.284 |
| Blood product usage | |||
| Red blood cells/U, M (P25, P75) | 6 (1, 13) | 8 (4, 14) | 0.327 |
| Plasma/mL, M (P25, P75) | 400 (0, 900) | 400 (0, 1 050) | 0.580 |
| Platelets/U, ${\bar x}$±s | 0.51±1.36 | 0.43±0.91 | 0.703 |
| Complications, n (%) | |||
| VTE | 4 (5.1) | 2 (4.3) | 0.999 |
| AKI | 6 (7.7) | 3 (6.5) | 0.999 |
| ARDS | 2 (2.6) | 3 (6.5) | 0.359 |
| ICU procedures, n (%) | |||
| CVC | 48 (61.5) | 30 (65.2) | 0.682 |
| Thoracentesis | 34 (43.6) | 15 (32.6) | 0.227 |
| Tracheostomy | 8 (10.3) | 18 (39.1) | < 0.001 |
| Multiple intubations | 2 (2.6) | 4 (8.7) | 0.193 |
| Surgeries, n (%) | |||
| Thoracic surgery | 29 (37.2) | 14 (30.4) | 0.446 |
| Cranial surgery | 13 (16.7) | 8 (17.4) | 0.917 |
| Pelvic surgery | 17 (21.8) | 12 (26.1) | 0.585 |
| Spinal surgery | 9 (11.5) | 6 (13.0) | 0.804 |
| Abdominal surgery | 9 (11.5) | 9 (19.6) | 0.220 |
| Femoral surgery | 11 (14.1) | 4 (8.7) | 0.372 |
| Mechanical ventilation duration/h, ${\bar x}$±s | 183±116 | 299±290 | 0.012 |
| Outcomes | |||
| ICU stay duration/d, ${\bar x}$±s | 16±9 | 19±12 | 0.140 |
| Discharge outcome (mortality), n (%) | 10 (12.8) | 5 (10.9) | 0.748 |
VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia; ISS, injury severity score; GCS, Glasgow coma scale; AIS, abbreviated injury scale; VTE, venous thromboembolism; AKI, acute kidney injury; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit; CVC, central venous catheter. |
2.2 早发VAP与晚发VAP的病原体
表2 VAP患者中的病原菌分布Table 2 Pathogen distribution in VAP patients |
| Pathogen | Total VAP patients (n=46), n (%) | Early-onset VAP (n=19), n (%) | Late-onset VAP (n=27), n (%) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 12 (26.1) | 2 (10.5) | 10 (37.0) |
| Acinetobacter baumannii | 13 (28.3) | 3 (15.8) | 10 (37.0) |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 18 (39.1) | 10 (52.6) | 8 (29.6) |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 7 (15.2) | 0 (0) | 7 (25.9) |
| Escherichia coli | 2 (4.3) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) |
| Candida albicans | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 2 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.4) |
VAP, ventilator-associated pneumonia. |
2.3 胸部创伤患者发生VAP的多因素分析
图2 Lasso回归系数惩罚图Figure 2 Lasso regression coefficient penalty plot A, Lasso coefficient profiles plotted against the logeλ. The upper axis indicates the number of non-zero coefficients. B, ten-fold cross-validation for determining the optimal tuning parameter λ (λ_min and λ_1se) in the Lasso regression model. |
表3 Logistic回归模型多因素分析Table 3 Multivariate analysis in the Logistic regression model |
| Predictor | Estimate | SE | Z | P | Odds ratio | Lower | Upper |
| (Intercept) | -2.773 | 0.783 | -3.543 | 0.000 | 0.062 | 0.012 | 0.268 |
| ISS score | 0.067 | 0.026 | 2.550 | 0.011 | 1.069 | 1.017 | 1.128 |
| Tracheostomy | 1.608 | 0.499 | 3.224 | 0.001 | 4.995 | 1.928 | 13.904 |
ISS, injury severity score. |