Effect of concentrated growth factors in guided tissue regeneration for the treatment of mandibular molar furcation lesions

  • Xinying WANG 1 ,
  • Xueyuan CHENG 2 ,
  • Mengjun ZHANG 2 ,
  • Fei LI 2 ,
  • Jinyu DUAN 2 ,
  • Jing QIAO , 2, *
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  • 1. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Cli-nical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100034, China
QIAO Jing, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-07-09

  Online published: 2026-03-12

Supported by

the Program of New Clinical Techniques and Therapies of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology(PKUSSNCT-17G01)

Peking University Clinical Medicine Plus X-Youth Scholars Project(PKU2025PKULCXQ007)

Beijing Natural Science Foundation-Haidian Original Innovation Joint Fund(L252167)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the potential of concentrated growth factors (CGF) to enhance the regenerative efficacy of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) when combined with bone graft in the treatment of grade Ⅱ furcation defects in mandibular molars. Methods: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology. A total of 16 patients (aged 20-60 years) with chronic periodontitis requiring periodontal surgical intervention were enrolled. All the participants had completed initial periodontal therapy. This involved a total of 20 mandibular molars, which comprised 36 instances of grade Ⅱ furcation lesions located on the buccal or lingual aspects. The 36 furcation lesions were randomly assigned to two groups, with each group containing 18 lesions. The experimental group received treatment with CGF combined with GTR and bone grafting, while the control group was treated with GTR and bone grafting alone. Clinical examinations and cone beam CT (CBCT) assessments were conducted on the affected teeth prior to the surgery, 6 months and 1 year post surgery. Clinical parameters recorded included probing depth (PD), vertical clinical attachment level (CAL-V), horizontal clinical attachment level (CAL-H). CBCT scans were acquired. The radiographic outcomes assessed included bone loss in the vertical direction (BL-V) and horizontal direction (BL-H). Changes in both clinical parameters and CBCT data at baseline and 1 year post surgery were compared between the experimental group and control group. Results: At baseline, no statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of PD, CAL-V, CAL-H, and BL-V, BL-H as assessed by CBCT (P>0.05), indicating good baseline balance. Six months and 1 year post surgery, both groups demonstrated significant improvements in clinical indicators compared with baseline (P < 0.01). Notably, one year post surgery, the enhancement observed in the experimental group was significantly greater than that of the control group (P < 0.05): the reduction in PD was (4.75±1.87) mm in the experimental group versus (3.43±1.76) mm in the control group; the decrease in CAL-V was (5.55±1.04) mm in the experimental group versus (4.41±1.08) mm in the control group; the decrease in CAL-H was (3.89±1.22) mm in the experimental group versus (3.07±1.02) mm in the control group. One year post surgery, CBCT results demonstrated that the reduction in BL-V was (4.05±1.37) mm in the experimental group compared with (3.17±1.09) mm in the control group, and the reduction in BL-H was (4.02±1.32) mm versus (3.27±1.08) mm. Conclusion: The one-year observational findings demonstrate that CGF enhances the regenerative efficacy of GTR combined with bone graft in the treatment of grade Ⅱ furcation defects in mandibular molars.

Cite this article

Xinying WANG , Xueyuan CHENG , Mengjun ZHANG , Fei LI , Jinyu DUAN , Jing QIAO . Effect of concentrated growth factors in guided tissue regeneration for the treatment of mandibular molar furcation lesions[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(2) : 372 -379 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.02.023

根分叉病变是导致磨牙早失的重要原因之一,也是牙周治疗的重点和难点之一。研究证实,有根分叉病变的多根牙较单根牙的附着丧失更广泛,其对非手术牙周治疗的反应也更差[1]。如何获得根分叉病变的完全关闭一直是学者们研究的热点。目前,根分叉病变最有效的再生治疗方法是植骨术与引导性组织再生术(guided tissue regeneration,GTR)的联合应用[2]。GTR可以促进根分叉病变在水平方向和垂直方向的附着获得,通过不同的机械性屏障膜的使用,将根分叉病变的完全治愈率提高至67%[3]。然而,GTR的治疗效果仍然受到了根分叉区域再生环境和再生潜力的影响,因此,其疗效并不完全具备可预测性。
组织再生是细胞、支架、信号分子三者联合作用的结果。作为信号分子,生长因子控制着组织修复过程中每一阶段的发生和发展[4-5]。血小板是内源性生长因子的主要来源[6],研究者们不断尝试将血小板的衍生物用于临床,利用其中的生长因子达到促进组织再生的目的。浓缩生长因子(concentrated growth factors,CGF),是最新一代的自体生长因子提取物,通过变速离心分离静脉全血获得,完全来源于自体,不需要添加任何外源性凝血酶或抗凝剂。我们前期研究已证实,GTR可以促进CGF+植骨术治疗下颌磨牙Ⅱ度根分叉病变的临床效果。本研究将进一步对CGF是否有助于GTR+植骨术治疗下颌磨牙根分叉病变的再生效果进行评价,以期为根分叉病变和牙周组织再生寻找更好的治疗方法和新思路。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究设计与研究对象

本研究为单中心随机对照试验,收集2017年7月至2019年7月因慢性牙周炎就诊于北京大学口腔医院需行牙周手术的双根下颌磨牙根分叉病变患者。
纳入标准:(1)年龄20~60岁;(2)伴有Ⅱ度根分叉病变[根据Hamp ’ s分度法(1975),根分叉区水平向缺损>3 mm,但未贯通],牙周袋深度≥5 mm,水平探诊深度≥3 mm;(3)锥形束CT(cone beam CT, CBCT)冠状面、矢状面及轴面三维重建图像提示根分叉区透影区局限于根分叉一侧或部分区域,根间骨小梁虽有吸收但仍存在连续骨组织(即根分叉水平方向未形成完全贯通的骨缺损影像)。排除标准:(1)患牙牙髓活力异常或已接受牙髓治疗者;(2)妊娠期和哺乳期妇女;(3)有严重全身疾病;(4)根分叉区牙体组织龋坏、缺损或劈裂;(5)存在其他手术禁忌证。
本研究在开始前已获得北京大学口腔医院生物医学伦理委员会的批准(PKUSSIRB2021-69168),所有患者均签署知情同意书,并接受牙周基础治疗(包括口腔卫生指导、洁治、龈下刮治和根面平整)和必要时的咬合调整,在进行牙周再评估后进入本研究。

1.2 干预措施

1.2.1 CGF的制备

本研究分为两组,试验组采取GTR+植骨术+CGF联合治疗,对照组采取GTR+ 植骨术进行治疗。试验组和对照组患者均接受采血并离心制备CGF。用无菌采血管(Greiner bio.one,奥地利)采集肘静脉血9 mL,立即放入Medifuge CGF专用离心机(Silfradent,意大利)中,离心过程如下:30 s加速,2 700 r/min×2 min,2 400 r/min×4 min,2 700 r/min×2 min,3 000 r/min×3 min,36 s减速、停止。离心后全血被分离为3层,上层为透明血浆,中层为含有大量血小板和白细胞的血沉棕黄层(buffy coat),下层为红细胞层(图 1)。立即以无菌吸管吸出上层液体,直至红细胞层上方3 mm左右;再以无菌吸管吸出剩余的血沉棕黄层及下方3 mm左右的红细胞层,置于无菌容器内待用,此即为液态CGF。
图1 CGF制备图

Figure 1 CGF preparation schematic diagram

A, schematic illustration; B, photographic image. CGF, concentrated growth factors.

1.2.2 试验组操作过程

试验组在CGF提取后,即刻与多孔样牛骨矿物质(bovine porous bone mineral,BPBM,Bio-Oss,瑞士)混合均匀,15 min后混合物凝结,形成富有黏性的黏性骨;同时将可吸收胶原膜(Bio-Gide,瑞士)浸泡于离心后得到的液态CGF中(图 2),15 min后取出待用。具体手术过程如下:行沟内切口,分离牙龈,翻开黏骨膜瓣,进行根面平整彻底清创,将根分叉区病变处炎性肉芽组织去除干净,植入CGF与Bio-Oss骨粉混合后形成的黏性骨,并放置经CGF浸泡的Bio-Gide可吸收胶原膜,瓣复位,4-0可吸收线缝合(图 3)。
图2 骨粉与可吸收生物膜浸泡于液态CGF内

Figure 2 Bone graft and absorbable biological membranes were immersed in CGF

Left: Sticky bone; Right: CGF-soaked collagen membrane. CGF, concentrated growth factors.

图3 试验组手术过程

Figure 3 Surgical procedure of the experimental group

A, preoperative view; B, intraoperative finding: Buccal furcation lesion of the right lower first molar; C, concentrated growth factors mixed with bovine porous bone mineral to form sticky bone; D, sticky bone in furcation lesion; E, placement of Bio-Gide absorbable collagen membrane; F, suturing.

1.2.3 对照组操作过程

对照组手术过程与试验组一致,区别在于对照组受试者虽被采集血液样本并制备CGF,但在手术过程中未被使用,其植骨材料为单纯Bio-Oss骨粉(未混合CGF),且可吸收胶原膜未经CGF浸泡。

1.3 结局指标

1.3.1 主要结局指标

本研究的主要结局指标为探诊深度,即龈缘至袋底或龈沟底的距离,其可反映牙周组织再生及炎症控制效果。

1.3.2 次要结局指标

(1) 临床指标:①菌斑指数(plaque index,PLI);②出血指数(bleeding index,BI);③牙龈退缩(gingival recession,REC):龈缘至釉牙骨质界(cementoenamel junction,CEJ)的距离;④垂直附着丧失(vertical clinical attachment loss,CAL-V):牙周袋袋底至釉牙骨质界的距离;⑤水平附着丧失(horizontal clinical attachment loss,CAL-H):根分叉区水平探入最深点至根分叉开口的距离。(2)CBCT指标:①垂直向骨丧失(bone loss in the vertical direction,BL-V):以根分叉开口为参考点,根分叉区骨吸收最根方至根分叉开口的垂直距离;②水平向骨丧失(bone loss in the horizontal direction,BL-H):在根分叉开口水平上,水平骨缺损最深处至分叉口的水平距离。CBCT指标测量标志点的确定如图 4所示:(1)根分叉处的釉牙骨质界:在X平面将垂直标志线移至根分叉中央处,在Y平面上寻找釉质的最根方点;(2)根分叉开口:在X平面将垂直标志线移至根分叉中央处,在Y平面上寻找颊侧(或舌侧)根分叉处的转折点;(3)根分叉处骨袋底:在Y平面上根分叉中央附近的断层上寻找垂直向牙槽骨缺损的最根方点;(4)根分叉处骨嵴顶:在X平面将垂直标志线移至根分叉中央处,在Y平面上寻找牙槽骨最外缘、最高处;(5)根分叉水平骨缺损最深处:在Y平面上根分叉中央附近的断层上寻找水平向牙槽骨缺损的最深点。
图4 CBCT测量示意图

Figure 4 Schematic diagram of marking points of CBCT for furcation involvements

CBCT, cone beam CT; CEJ, cementoenamel junction; FE, furcation entrance; BP, bottom of bone pocket; DH, deepest site of horizontal bone loss; BL-H, bone loss in the horizontal direction, the distance from furcation entrance to the deepest site of horizontal bone loss; BL-V, bone loss in the vertical direction, the distance from furcation entrance to the bottom of bone pocket.

1.4 样本量计算

依据主要结局指标,即基线与植骨术后1年时探诊深度的差值,采用PASS 2021软件进行两组均数比较的样本量计算,前期的临床观察显示,基线与植骨术后两组探诊深度均数差值约为1.1,标准差约为1.0。设定假设检验的Ⅰ类错误α为0.05,采用双侧检验,Ⅱ类错误β为0.2,对照组和试验组比例设为1 ∶ 1,计算得到每组的最低样本量为15例,考虑到失访的影响,增加20%的样本量,即每组计划纳入18例,共36例。

1.5 随机化与盲法

1.5.1 随机分组方法

由独立于临床诊疗、手术操作及结果评估的统计人员使用R 4.2.0统计软件“randomizeR”包生成随机序列。手术前采用随机数字表法将每个根分叉病变随机分配到试验组或对照组。无论是否应用CGF,所有患者均采集血液样本。为严格控制选择偏倚,采用密封信封进行隐藏,由专人根据病变编号取出对应信封,在手术开始前当场拆封,告知手术医生分组结果;负责手术前后临床检查及CBCT图像分析的评估者未参与随机化设计、信封拆封及手术操作,仅根据病变编号进行客观测量。

1.5.2 盲法的实施

本研究采用单盲设计,仅对结局评估者和受试者设盲,对手术医生未设盲。(1)对结局评估者设盲:负责临床检查的牙周科医师及负责CBCT图像分析的放射科医师均未参与随机化设计、信封拆封及手术操作,仅根据病变位点编号进行客观测量,对分组情况不知情。(2)对受试者设盲:所有受试者均采集血液样本并制备CGF,以避免受试者主观偏倚。(3)对手术医生未设盲:因干预措施差异无法隐藏,但均严格按统一手术规范操作。

1.6 数据收集与随访

1.6.1 临床数据收集

由同一名经一致性检验的牙周科医师于基线(术前)、术后6个月、术后1年进行临床检查。使用美国北卡罗来纳大学(University of North Carolina)的UNC-15牙周探针及Naber探针作为检查工具。研究开始前对检查者进行自身一致性检验,kappa值为0.874(95%CI:0.81~0.92),一致性良好。

1.6.2 CBCT数据收集

使用CBCT(3D Accuitomo 60,J. Morita,Kyoto,Japan)对下颌磨牙区域进行扫描和数据重建(74~90 kV,5.0~8.0 mA,像素0.125 mm×0.125 mm× 0.125 mm,扫描时间17.5 s,层厚0.5 mm)。所有CBCT图像均由同一名有经验的放射科医师在暗室内的同一台显示器(19" Viewsonic VA703B monitor,Walnut,US,屏幕分辨率1 280× 1 024像素)上采用i-Dixel-3DX软件进行测量(精确至0.01 mm),两次读片时间间隔1周。研究开始前对检查者进行自身一致性检验,kappa值为0.852(95%CI:0.81~0.92),一致性良好。

1.6.3 随访管理

术后两组受试者均给予0.12%(1.2 g/L)氯己定含漱液含漱4周。术后2周复查拆线,前3个月每月随访1次,之后每3个月随访1次,直至术后1年,随访期间提供口腔卫生指导及必要的专业清洁。

1.7 统计学方法

应用SPSS 26.0软件(IL,USA)对数据进行统计学分析。通过Shapiro-Wilk检验结合Q-Q图、直方图分析所有计量资料的数据分布特征,本研究所有数据均符合正态分布,采用均数±标准差进行描述,并应用多水平混合效应线性回归模型比较两组间基线时临床和放射学指标的差异、两组组内治疗前后指标的差异、两组间基线至术后1年指标变化值的差异。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 根分叉病变纳入及入组情况

本研究共纳入16例慢性牙周炎患者的20颗下颌磨牙,颊舌侧共36例根分叉病变(对照组和试验组各18例)。其中,试验组涉及10颗下颌磨牙,颊侧根分叉病变10例,舌侧根分叉病变8例;对照组涉及10颗下颌磨牙,颊侧根分叉病变10例,舌侧根分叉病变8例。

2.2 术后愈合情况

所有手术伤口均顺利愈合,研究期间未观察到异常出血、切口裂开、术后脓肿或感染等并发症的发生。

2.3 基线及术后不同时间点两组临床指标的变化

基线及术后6个月、1年的菌斑指数和出血指数在试验组与对照组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。
表1 试验组和对照组基线和术后的出血指数和菌斑指数

Table 1 The plaque index and bleeding index at baseline, 6 months and 1 year after surgery

Items GTR+Bone graft+CGF (n=18) GTR+Bone graft (n=18)
Plaque index
  Baseline 0.7±0.2 0.9±0.5
  6 months after surgery 0.7±0.3 1.0±0.6
  1 year after surgery 0.9±0.4 1.1±0.4
Bleeding index
  Baseline 1.0±0.5 1.2±0.6
  6 months after surgery 1.1±0.6 0.9±0.5
  1 year after surgery 0.8±0.6 1.1±0.7

Data are expressed as ${\bar x}$±s. GTR, guided tissue regeneration; CGF, concentrated growth factors.

基线时探诊深度、牙龈退缩、水平和垂直附着丧失在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 2)。与基线相比,两组术后6个月和1年的临床指标均有显著改善(P < 0.01),但术后6个月和1年之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。从临床指标的改善程度来看,术后1年试验组探诊深度、水平和垂直附着丧失的改善程度均显著高于对照组(P < 0.05, 表 2),其中,术后1年时试验组探诊深度减少(4.75±1.87) mm,垂直和水平附着丧失分别减少(5.55±1.04) mm和(3.89±1.22) mm。
表2 试验组与对照组基线和术后的临床指标

Table 2 Clinical measurements of experimental and control group at baseline, 6 months and 1 year after surgery

Items GTR+Bone graft+CGF (n=18) GT+Bone graft (n=18) P value
PD/mm
  Baseline 7.95±2.69 7.69±2.74 0.965
  6 months after surgery 3.14±0.95* 4.09±1.37* 0.032
  1 year after surgery 3.20±1.06* 4.26±1.55* 0.004
  Decrease at 1 year after surgery 4.75±1.87 3.43±1.76 0.013
REC/mm
  Baseline 1.87±0.99 1.95±0.96 0.245
  6 months after surgery 0.98±0.58* 1.10±0.42* 0.878
  1 year after surgery 1.07±0.62* 0.97±0.44* 0.327
  Decrease at 1 year after surgery 0.80±0.54 0.98±0.57 0.984
CAL-V/mm
  Baseline 9.82±2.78 9.64±2.53 0.052
  6 months after surgery 4.12±1.83* 5.19±1.94* 0.039
  1 year after surgery 4.27±1.79* 5.23±1.88* 0.034
  Decrease at 1 year after surgery 5.55±1.04 4.41±1.08 0.027
CAL-H/mm
  Baseline 6.32±2.74 6.45±2.87 0.977
  6 months after surgery 2.49±1.03* 3.44±1.35* 0.028
  1 year after surgery 2.43±1.06* 3.38±1.19* 0.009
  Decrase at 1 year after surgery 3.89±1.22 3.07±1.02 0.035

Data are expressed as ${\bar x}$±s. *P < 0.01, vs. baseline. GTR, guided tissue regeneration; CGF, concentrated growth factors; PD, probing pocket depth; REC, gingival recession; CAL-V, vertical clinical attachment loss; CAL-H, horizontal clinical attachment loss.

2.4 基线及术后1年时两组CBCT指标的变化

基线与术后1年时两组的CBCT测量指标见表 3。基线时垂直向和水平向骨丧失在两组间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),术后1年两组垂直向和水平向骨丧失均较基线时显著改善(P < 0.05),其中,试验组垂直向和水平向骨丧失改善程度为分别为(4.05±1.37) mm和(4.02±1.32) mm,显著高于对照组(P < 0.05)。试验组基线和术后1年时的CBCT见图 5
表3 试验组与对照组基线和术后1年时的CBCT指标

Table 3 CBCT data of experimental and control group at baseline and 1 year after surgery

Items GTR+Bone graft+CGF (n=18) GTR+Bone graft (n=18) P value
BL-V/mm
  Baseline 7.03±2.86 7.35±2.77 0.684
  1 year after surgery 2.98±1.01* 4.18±1.34* 0.004
  Change of BL-V 4.05±1.37 3.17±1.09 0.009
BL-H/mm
  Baseline 6.94±2.77 6.89±2.87 0.509
  1 year after surgery 2.92±1.15* 3.62±1.09* 0.012
  Change of BL-H 4.02±1.32 3.27±1.08 0.027

Data are expressed as ${\bar x}$±s. *P < 0.05, vs. baseline. GTR, guided tissue regeneration; CGF, concentrated growth factors; BL-V, bone loss in vertical direction; BL-H, bone loss in horizontal direction.

图5 基线和术后1年时试验组CBCT图像

Figure 5 CBCT images of experimental group at baseline and 1 year after surgery

A, baseline CBCT (the red arrow indicates the buccal furcation lesion of the right lower first molar); B, 1-year post-surgery CBCT (the red arrow indicates the radiographic bone filling condition of the buccal buccal furcation lesion of the right mandibular first molar). CBCT, cone beam CT.

3 讨论

本研究比较了GTR+植骨术+CGF与GTR+植骨术治疗下颌磨牙Ⅱ度根分叉病变的效果。结果显示,术后1年时两种治疗方法均能促进下颌磨牙Ⅱ度根分叉病变的再生治疗效果,探诊深度、垂直和水平附着丧失、垂直向和水平向骨缺损与基线相比均明显降低,且GTR+植骨术+CGF的临床和影像学效果均显著优于GTR+植骨术,即CGF可促进GTR+植骨术治疗下颌磨牙Ⅱ度根分叉病变的再生治疗效果。
Kinaia等[7]、Pajnigara等[8]和Jepsen等[9]的研究表明,采用骨移植材料与可吸收胶原膜联合治疗Ⅱ度根分叉病变,所有临床参数均会有所改善。本研究中两组患者探诊深度、垂直和水平附着丧失均明显降低,可能归因于胶原膜增强了骨移植物的再生效果。而GTR+植骨术+CGF组的探诊深度、垂直和水平附着丧失降低程度显著高于GTR+植骨术组,这与Huidrom等[10]在治疗Ⅱ度根分叉病变时所报告的结果是一致的,表明在联合再生疗法中,CGF起到了积极的作用。Jepsen等[9]的系统综述和meta分析汇总了19篇文献的结果,得出GTR+植骨术治疗Ⅱ度根分叉病变可使探诊深度减少3.2 mm,垂直附着丧失减少3.6 mm,水平骨丧失减少2.9 mm,与其相比,本研究试验组临床指标的改善程度更优。
Pradeep等[11]和Sharma等[12]的研究表明,在治疗下颌Ⅱ度根分叉病变时,使用自体富血小板血浆的临床效果不佳,而富血小板纤维蛋白的作用则更为显著。CGF作为第三代血小板浓缩物,因其纤维蛋白结构更加致密,包含更为丰富的血小板,且细胞因子、白细胞和生长因子含量较高,因此,相较于富血小板血浆和富血小板纤维蛋白具有一定优势[13-16]
在根分叉病变的牙周再生治疗中,多种信号分子会影响愈合结果[17]。诸多研究指出,在愈合过程中,转化生长因子β1、血管内皮生长因子、血小板衍生生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子等生长因子以及CD34+干细胞的存在能够刺激细胞增殖,促进基质重塑,并加速血管生成[18-20]。本研究试验组的疗效略优于富血小板纤维蛋白[14],该研究中探诊深度减少3.8 mm,垂直附着丧失减少4.1 mm,造成这一差异的原因可能与CGF中生长因子浓度更高(血小板衍生生长因子-BB为富血小板纤维蛋白的1.8倍)、纤维蛋白网络更致密(储存CD34+干细胞能力更强)有关[16-18]
关于CGF的体外作用,有研究观察到CGF能够以剂量依赖的方式激活成骨干细胞,具体表现为增强碱性磷酸酶的活性,促进牙周膜干细胞和骨髓干细胞的增殖[21-24]。进一步的研究表明,相较于单独使用CGF,将其与生物材料联合应用效果更好,这是因为联合应用时细胞能够被截留,分解更慢,使CGF释放生长因子的活性得以延长,更有利于细胞增殖和成骨分化。此外,CGF的另一关键特性在于其生长因子的释放遵循特定的动力学模式。在本课题组的一项体外研究中,当CGF与支架生物材料混合时,生长因子的释放呈现出一种独特的动态模式,在CGF-BPBM黏性骨体系中,各种生长因子的释放量均自72 h起显著增加,并在不同时间点达到峰值,这种生长因子持续释放的趋势可长达28 d[24]
本研究显示,尽管GTR+植骨术组和GTR+植骨术+CGF组术后1年均实现了根分叉闭合且骨填充显著,但GTR+植骨术+CGF组的临床和CBCT指标改善更明显,推测黏性骨的添加可能是试验组骨缺损更大程度修复以及根分叉闭合优于对照组的原因。黏性骨可提升创口的稳定性,这种稳定性对在牙根表面构建新的结缔组织附着结构而言至关重要,同时也有助于构建支持细胞因子附着以及细胞迁移的支架环境,进而增强移植材料的增殖效果。CGF在这方面表现出的积极作用可能与其生物学特性以及与BPBM混合时释放生长因子的模式有关。
Huidrom等[10]将凝胶状CGF与BPBM混合,术后探诊深度、垂直附着丧失和水平向骨丧失减少程度均不及本研究试验组结果[(4.2±1.5) mm vs. (4.75 ± 1.87) mm,(4.8±1.1) mm vs. (5.55 ± 1.04) mm,(3.7±1.2) mm vs. (4.02±1.32) mm],考虑可能与CGF的状态有关,本研究使用的是液态CGF与BPBM混合,而Huidrom等[10]的研究应用的是凝胶状CGF与BPBM混合,两者差异可能源于本研究应用了液态CGF和BPBM混合形成黏性骨的方式,这一方式对生长因子的释放模式及动态变化产生了影响,可延缓生长因子释放至28 d,而凝胶状CGF生长因子的释放时间仅有14 d左右[24]
综上所述,基于本研究结果,可以得出如下结论:在治疗下颌磨牙Ⅱ度根分叉缺损的过程中,使用CGF对于促进GTR+植骨术的牙周再生治疗具有积极的增效作用。然而,本研究存在如下局限性:其一,纳入的36个根分叉病变位点虽能满足主要指标统计效能,但小样本量仍限制了外部有效性,不足以探究根柱长度、分叉角度等解剖因素对疗效的影响;其二,观察周期有限;此外,本研究未开展组织学评估,因而无法明确愈合的具体类型。后续有必要进一步开展相关研究,扩大样本量,进行组织学分析,并延长随访期限,以得出更优质、更具可信度的研究结果,全面评估CGF在联合再生治疗中的实际疗效。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  王昕莹、程雪原、乔静:提出研究思路,设计研究方案;张孟钧、李菲、段晋瑜:收集、分析、整理数据;乔静、王昕莹、程雪原:撰写论文;乔静:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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