Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences) >
Research progress in clinical pathology and molecular mechanisms of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma
Received date: 2026-01-07
Online published: 2026-02-05
Supported by
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82541012)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82571996)
Copyright
Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC) is a rare exocrine malignancy of the pancreas with an increasing incidence, histologically defined by the coexistence of adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma components. Current pathological diagnosis typically requires the squamous component to comprise at least 30% of the tumor. However, this threshold remains controversial given the unconfirmed independent prognostic value of the extent of squamous differentiation. Compared with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), PASC exhibits greater aggressiveness and heterogeneity, contributing to a poorer prognosis with a median survival of approximately 9 months. Despite its distinct biological behavior, specific preoperative diagnostic methods and targeted therapeutic strategies remain elusive. Diagnostically, while PASC lacks specific molecular markers, the ring-enhancement sign observed in the arterial phase of contrast-enhanced CT may aid distinction from PDAC. Owing to the lack of standardized therapeutic strategies, treatment largely follows guidelines established for PDAC, offering limited survival benefits, though platinum-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy show potential efficacy. Notably, the rationale for immunotherapy lies in the high programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in the squamous component and an immunosuppressive microenvironment characterized by specific checkpoint interactions, such as the TIGIT-CD155 axis. Furthermore, the cellular origin and evolutionary trajectory of PASC remain debated. While monoclonal origin is the prevailing theory, it remains unclear whether the squamous component arises from adenocarcinoma transdifferentiation or from pancreatic pluripotent stem cells. At the molecular level, PASC shares genomic and transcriptomic features with PDAC yet maintains a distinct identity. Concurrently, its tumor microenvironment (TME) displays unique landscapes, differing significantly from PDAC in immune and stromal components like T cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Moreover, marked intratumoral heterogeneity is observed between the adenocarcinoma and squamous carcinoma regions within the same tumor. Future efforts should prioritize multi-omics and laser microdissection technologies to establish a refined molecular classification system, alongside the integration of liquid biopsy and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted radiomics for accurate preoperative diagnosis. This comprehensive strategy is essential to shift clinical practice from empirical treatment to personalized precision medicine, ultimately improving outcomes for this refractory disease. This article systematically reviews the epidemiology and clinicopathological features of PASC, and specifically explores the therapeutic potential of platinum-based chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, special attention is given to recent advances in monoclonal origin patterns, unique genomic and transcriptomic alterations, and TME heterogeneity.
Zichen PAN , Kai CHEN , Yukun HOU , Bohan YANG , Jixin ZHANG , Yongsu MA , Xiaodong TIAN , Yinmo YANG . Research progress in clinical pathology and molecular mechanisms of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(2) : 431 -435 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.02.032
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明 潘子晨、陈凯:提出综述主题与核心问题,构建综述框架,撰写论文初稿;侯钰坤、杨博涵:文献检索与筛选;张继新、马永蔌:语言润色与规范性检查;杨尹默、田孝东:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。
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