1 资料与方法
1.1 数据来源
1.2 数据预处理
1.2.1 血友病健康素养
1.2.2 有效健康信息获取
1.3 统计学分析
2 结果
2.1 社会人口学特征
表1 未成年血友病患者照护者社会人口学分布Table 1 Distribution of demographic characteristics of caregivers for pediatric patients with hemophilia |
| Variables | n(%) | |
| Kinship | Mother | 530 (61.9) |
| Father | 237 (27.7) | |
| Other kinships | 89 (10.4) | |
| Gender | Female | 586 (68.5) |
| Male | 270 (31.5) | |
| Age range/years | < 30 | 121 (14.1) |
| 30- < 35 | 238 (27.8) | |
| 35- < 40 | 237 (27.7) | |
| 40- < 45 | 150 (17.5) | |
| ≥45 | 110 (12.9) | |
| Marital status | Married | 788 (91.9) |
| Unmarried/Divorced/Widowed | 68 (7.1) | |
| Educational attainment | No formal education/Primary school | 53 (6.2) |
| Junior high school | 249 (29.1) | |
| Senior high school/Vocational school | 198 (23.1) | |
| Associate degree | 176 (20.6) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 170 (21.0) | |
| Registered residence location | Urban | 280 (32.7) |
| Rural | 576 (67.3) | |
| Employment status | Full-time employed | 388 (45.3) |
| Part-time employed | 145 (17.0) | |
| Unemployed | 256 (29.9) | |
| Student/Retired/Others | 67 (7.8) | |
| Annual household income/yuan | ≤100 000 | 698 (81.4) |
| >100 000-200 000 | 132 (15.4) | |
| >200 000 | 26 (3.2) | |
n=856. |
2.2 未成年血友病患者照护者健康素养水平及特征分布
表2 未成年血友病患者照护者血友病健康素养水平Table 2 Hemophilia-related health literacy levels of caregivers of pediatric patients with hemophilia |
| Items | Adequacy rate/% | Score, $\bar x \pm s$ |
| Overall hemophilia-related health literacy | 20.68 | 11.87±2.92 |
| Hemophilia-related basic knowledge | 32.13 | |
| Pathogenesis | 0.98±0.15 | |
| Target joints | 0.69±0.95 | |
| Awareness of high-risk situations | 0.94±0.24 | |
| Medication contraindications | 0.85±0.36 | |
| Vaccination considerations | 0.83±0.38 | |
| Health education material comprehension | 58.64 | |
| Clinical characteristics | 0.82±0.38 | |
| Symptom recognition | 1.2±0.98 | |
| Surgical risks | 0.96±0.20 | |
| Prophylactic treatment | 0.94±0.24 | |
| Risks of inhibitors | 0.94±0.24 | |
| Medication label literacy | 16.82 | |
| Dosage calculation for injections | 0.53±0.50 | |
| Medication reconstitution | 0.67±0.47 | |
| Treatment duration estimation | 0.26±0.44 | |
| On-demand treatment | 0.77±0.42 | |
| Auxiliary hemostatic measures | 0.50±0.87 |
2.3 未成年血友病患者照护者有效健康信息获取水平
表3 未成年血友病患者照护者有效健康信息获取水平Table 3 Effective health information acquisition among caregivers of pediatric patients with hemophilia |
| Variables | Effective health information acquisition score, $\bar x \pm s$ | Utilization rate/% | Acceptance score, $\bar x \pm s$ | Credibility score, $\bar x \pm s$ | Professionalism score, $\bar x \pm s$ |
| Overall effective health information acquisition channel | 34.43±16.50 | 3.12±0.89 | 3.17±0.87 | 3.07±0.87 | |
| Medical doctors/nurses channel | 6.29±2.87 | 97.5 | 4.34±1.00 | 4.33±1.04 | 4.34±1.04 |
| NGO (Hemophilia patient channelorganizations, etc.) | 5.61±2.85 | 95.8 | 3.80±1.11 | 3.88±1.16 | 3.72±1.18 |
| Social media channel(WeChat/Weibo/Zhihu, etc.) | 3.52±2.70 | 88.2 | 2.84±1.22 | 2.91±1.28 | 2.77±1.28 |
| Official agencies/Academicinstitutions channel | 3.45±2.97 | 79.8 | 3.66±1.37 | 3.71±1.41 | 3.61±1.44 |
| Search engines channel(Baidu/Sogou, etc.) | 3.02±2.34 | 88.7 | 2.68±1.22 | 2.87±1.38 | 2.66±1.27 |
| Family members/Friends channel | 2.78±2.50 | 82.6 | 2.69±1.26 | 2.87±1.38 | 2.51±1.35 |
| Health-specific digital platforms channel (DingXiangYuan, etc.) | 2.76±2.65 | 76.9 | 3.19±1.32 | 3.16±1.37 | 3.20±1.37 |
| Newspapers/Magazines/Television/Radio/Books channel | 2.47±2.41 | 78.9 | 2.93±1.32 | 2.97±1.40 | 2.89±1.40 |
| Apps /Digital platforms channel(Tencent news/Toutiao, etc.) | 2.30±2.27 | 79.6 | 2.77±1.29 | 2.84±1.34 | 2.69±1.36 |
| Short-video platforms channel(TikTok/Kuaishou, etc.) | 2.23±2.28 | 77.2 | 2.33±1.23 | 2.36±1.28 | 2.29±1.28 |
n=856. |
2.4 不同社会人口特征未成年血友病患者照护者的健康素养及有效健康信息获取情况
表4 未成年血友病患者照护者在社会人口学因素下血友病健康素养和有效健康信息获取得分Table 4 Hemophilia-related health literacy and effective health information acquisition score of caregivers of pediatric patients with hemophilia, stratified by sociodemographic characteristics |
| Variables | n (%) | Hemophilia-related health literacy score, $\bar x \pm s$ | P | Effective health information acquisition score, $\bar x \pm s$ | P | |
| Kinship | Mother | 530 (61.9) | 11.89±2.86 | 0.971 | 34.40±16.66 | 0.514 |
| Father | 237 (27.7) | 11.83±2.84 | 35.11±16.71 | |||
| Other kinships | 89 (10.4) | 11.87±3.46 | 32.74±14.92 | |||
| Gender | Female | 586 (68.5) | 11.86±2.92 | 0.933 | 34.26±16.48 | 0.668 |
| Male | 270 (31.5) | 11.88±2.92 | 34.78±16.56 | |||
| Age range/years | < 30 | 121 (14.1) | 11.84±3.06 | 0.202 | 34.54±14.89 | 0.193 |
| 30- < 35 | 238 (27.8) | 12.00±2.78 | 34.85±17.59 | |||
| 35- < 40 | 237 (27.7) | 12.10±2.77 | 35.39±17.21 | |||
| 40- < 45 | 150 (17.5) | 11.41±2.89 | 31.48±14.43 | |||
| ≥45 | 110 (12.9) | 11.75±3.34 | 35.33±16.65 | |||
| Marital status | Married | 788 (91.9) | 11.94±2.88 | 0.017 | 34.66±16.69 | 0.157 |
| Unmarried/Divorced/Widowed | 68 (7.1) | 11.06±3.19 | 31.71±13.84 | |||
| Educational attainment | No formal education/Primary school | 53 (6.2) | 10.83±2.83 | < 0.001 | 28.88±15.20 | < 0.001 |
| Junior high school | 249 (29.1) | 11.13±2.96 | 31.15±15.87 | |||
| Senior high school/Vocational school | 198 (23.1) | 11.69±2.76 | 34.61±17.17 | |||
| Associate degree | 176 (20.6) | 12.45±2.68 | 36.90±16.02 | |||
| Bachelor’s degree or above | 170 (21.0) | 12.82±2.90 | 37.97±16.31 | |||
| Registered residence location | Urban | 280 (32.7) | 12.35±2.93 | 0.001 | 36.65±16.71 | 0.006 |
| Rural | 576 (67.3) | 11.63±2.88 | 33.34±16.30 | |||
| Employment status | Full-time employed | 388 (45.3) | 12.39±2.89 | < 0.001 | 35.90±16.00 | 0.010 |
| Part-time employed | 145 (17.0) | 11.30±3.01 | 35.62±18.89 | |||
| Unemployed | 256 (29.9) | 11.57±2.79 | 31.61±15.75 | |||
| Student/Retired/Others | 67 (7.8) | 11.22±2.88 | 34.09±15.53 | |||
| Annual household income/yuan | ≤100 000 | 698 (81.4) | 11.69±2.93 | 0.001 | 34.17±16.92 | 0.107 |
| >100 000-200 000 | 132 (15.4) | 12.65±2.59 | 34.45±13.73 | |||
| >200 000 | 26 (3.2) | 12.77±3.31 | 41.13±16.50 | |||
n=856. |
2.5 有效健康信息获取对未成年血友病患者照护者健康素养的中介作用
图1 有效健康信息获取的中介作用模型图Figure 1 Mediation model with effective health information acquisition as a mediator * P < 0.05 * * P < 0.01. |
表5 有效健康信息获取在教育水平、就业状况、户籍所在地与血友病健康素养之间的中介作用Table 5 Mediating role of effective health information acquisition in the association between educational attainment, employment status, registered residence location and hemophilia-related health literacy |
| Items | Symbol | Meaning | B | 95%CI | SE | z /t | P | |
| Lower limit | Upper limit | |||||||
| Educational attainment → Effective health information acquisition → Hemophilia-related health literacy | a1×b1 | Indirect effect | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.063 | 0.015 | 1.858 | 0.063 |
| Educational attainmen → Effective health information acquisition | a1 | X→M | 0.162** | 0.097 | 0.227 | 0.033 | 4.913 | < 0.001 |
| Effective health information acquisition → Hemophilia-related health literacy | b1 | M→Y | 0.176** | 0.004 | 0.348 | 0.088 | 2.006 | 0.045 |
| Educational attainment → Hemophilia-related health literacy | c'1 | Direct effect | 0.491** | 0.324 | 0.659 | 0.086 | 5.748 | < 0.001 |
| Educational attainment → Hemophilia-related health literacy | c1 | Total effect | 0.520** | 0.354 | 0.686 | 0.084 | 6.156 | < 0.001 |
| Employment status → Effective health information acquisition → Hemophilia-related health literacy | a2×b2 | Indirect effect | -0.021 | -0.050 | -0.002 | 0.013 | -1.707 | 0.088 |
| Employment status → Effective health information acquisition | a2 | X→M | -0.091* | -0.168 | -0.013 | 0.039 | -2.303 | 0.022 |
| Effective health information acquisition→ Hemophilia-related health literacy | b2 | M→Y | 0.237** | 0.065 | 0.410 | 0.088 | 2.701 | 0.007 |
| Employment status → Hemophilia-related health literacy | c'2 | Direct effect | -0.325** | -0.523 | -0.127 | 0.101 | -3.221 | 0.001 |
| Employment status → Hemophilia-related health literacy | c2 | Total effect | -0.347** | -0.545 | -0.148 | 0.101 | -3.432 | 0.001 |
| Registered residence location → Effective health information acquisition → Hemophilia-related health literacy | a3×b3 | Indirect effect | -0.056 | -0.125 | -0.009 | 0.029 | -1.922 | 0.055 |
| Registered residence location → Effective health information acquisition | a3 | X→M | -0.238** | -0.406 | -0.070 | 0.086 | -2.783 | 0.006 |
| Effective health information acquisition→ Hemophilia-related health literacy | b3 | M→Y | 0.237** | 0.064 | 0.410 | 0.088 | 2.687 | 0.007 |
| Registered residence location →Hemophilia-related health literacy | c'3 | Direct effect | -0.599** | -1.033 | -0.166 | 0.221 | -2.717 | 0.007 |
| Registered residence location →Hemophilia-related health literacy | c3 | Total effect | -0.656** | -1.089 | -0.223 | 0.220 | -2.975 | 0.003 |
* P < 0.05, * * P < 0.01. |