Effect of leg-split-free lateral decubitus position and lithotomy position on renal pelvic pressure and clinical outcomes during flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy

  • Shicong LAI ,
  • Huanrui WANG ,
  • Runfeng NI ,
  • Haopu HU ,
  • Chenlong WANG ,
  • Tao XU ,
  • Hao HU , *
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  • Department of Urology, Peking University People' s Hospital; The Institute of Applied Lithotripsy Technology, Peking University People' s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
HU Hao, e-mail,

Received date: 2026-02-28

  Online published: 2026-05-19

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Abstract

Objective: To compare intrarenal pelvic pressure profiles and clinical outcomes between the leg-split-free lateral decubitus position and the conventional lithotomy position during flexible ureteroscopy with a negative-pressure aspiration sheath. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at Peking University People' s Hospital among patients undergoing unilateral flexible ureteroscopy with a negative-pressure aspiration sheath from January 2024 to December 2025. Participants were allocated into two groups according to surgical positioning: Leg-split-free lateral decubitus group and conventional lithotomy group. An intelligent, pressure- and temperature-controlled flexible ureteroscopy system was employed to continuously monitor intrapelvic pressure and temperature throughout the procedure. The incidence, duration, and clinical implications of intrapelvic hypertension were compared between the two groups. Results: A total of 40 patients were enrolled, 20 in each group. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in baseline characteristics, including gender, age, stone diameter, stone number, stone location, or degree of hydronephrosis (all P>0.05). Intraoperative analysis revealed that the duration of intrapelvic hypertension was significantly shorter in the leg-split-free lateral decubitus group than in the lithotomy group [25.0 (0.0, 31.8) s vs. 115.0 (79.8, 176.0) s, P < 0.01]; similarly, the duration of elevated intrapelvic temperature was also significantly reduced [3.0 (2.0, 9.8) s vs. 18.5(16.0, 24.5) s, P < 0.01]. Postoperative follow-up showed no cases of fever in the leg-split-free lateral decubitus group, whereas two patients in the lithotomy group developed fever; however, this difference in febrile complication rate did not reach statistical significance (P=0.15). All the patients underwent computed tomography three months postoperatively to assess stone-free status. The results indicated that the stone-free rate in the leg-split-free lateral decubitus position group was significantly higher than that in the lithotomy position group (P=0.04). Conclusion: This prospective exploratory study suggests that compared with the lithotomy position, the leg-free lateral decubitus position may be more conducive to maintaining lower intrapelvic pressure and temperature during the operation and is associated with a higher stone clearance rate postoperatively. However, these findings still need to be verified by large-sample, multi-center, randomized controlled trials.

Cite this article

Shicong LAI , Huanrui WANG , Runfeng NI , Haopu HU , Chenlong WANG , Tao XU , Hao HU . Effect of leg-split-free lateral decubitus position and lithotomy position on renal pelvic pressure and clinical outcomes during flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(4) : 748 -753 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.04.010

输尿管软镜碎石术(flexible ureteroscopy lithotripsy, FURL)是治疗上尿路结石的常用微创技术,其核心优势在于通过人体自然腔道进行操作,创伤小、恢复快[1]。然而,传统手术中,为维持清晰的术野而持续灌注的灌洗液可能导致肾盂内压(intrapelvic pressure, IPP)升高,进而增加术后发热、感染甚至尿源性脓毒症等严重并发症的风险[2]。为应对这一挑战,负压吸引鞘(负压鞘)应运而生,它通过主动引流灌洗液和结石碎屑,理论上能有效降低IPP,从而提升手术安全性[1-3]。体外模型研究证实,与传统输尿管通路鞘相比,负压鞘能在相同内窥镜-鞘管直径比下显著降低IPP,并增加灌洗液流速[3]。一项荟萃分析进一步支持了负压鞘的临床价值,显示其与输尿管镜联合应用时,能提高即刻及术后随访的结石清除率,降低术后并发症和发热发生率,并缩短住院时间[4]
尽管负压鞘技术带来了革新,但IPP的控制是一个多因素影响的复杂过程。除了鞘管设计、灌洗压力、结石负荷等因素外,手术体位是一个尚未被充分研究但可能至关重要的环节[5]。传统截石位是泌尿外科腔内手术的标准体位,但其可能导致输尿管生理弯曲加剧,或因盆腔脏器压迫而影响鞘管的顺利置入与引流效率。近年来,免分腿侧卧位作为一种替代体位被引入临床实践。该体位可能通过改变输尿管走行角度、改善鞘管与肾盂的轴向对齐,从而优化灌洗液的流出动力学,理论上为更有效地控制IPP提供了可能[6]
目前,较多研究集中于探讨负压鞘本身的技术优势或不同激光、鞘管尺寸对临床预后如结石清除率及感染发生率的影响[7-10]。关于免分腿侧卧位与截石位在负压鞘联合FURL中对IPP的实时影响及其临床预后(如结石清除率、手术时间、并发症)的差异,尚缺乏系统性的总结与比较。因此,深入探讨两种体位对患者的影响差异,对于优化手术方案、提升患者安全具有重要意义。

1 资料与方法

1.1 纳入和排除标准

本研究为一项前瞻性队列研究,纳入2024年1月至2025年12月在北京大学人民医院行FURL的患者,探究不同体位(免分腿侧卧位vs.截石位)对术中瞬时IPP及临床预后影响的差异。
纳入标准:(1)年龄≥18岁;(2)单侧上尿路结石(输尿管上段及肾脏结石);(3)接受负压鞘联合FURL;(4)术后随访资料完整。排除标准:(1)非上尿路结石;(2)上尿路恶性肿瘤术后;(3)先天性肾脏结构异常,如马蹄肾、海绵肾等;(4)孕妇;(5)术后随访资料不完整。
本研究为一项前瞻性探索研究,以随机数表法为分组依据,按照1 ∶ 1的分配原则,将纳入的患者随机分为免分腿侧卧位组与截石位组供后续观察。本研究(临床研究注册号:ChiCTR2500107463)已获得北京大学人民医院伦理审查委员会的批准(批准号:2024PHB062-001),研究对象均签署知情同意书,研究过程严格遵循《赫尔辛基宣言》。

1.2 手术器械及方法

器械及设备:智能控压控温软镜系统由上海璞跃医疗器械有限公司生产,设备包括测压测温一次性输尿管软镜、电子内窥镜图像处理器和医用控压冲洗系统。术中采用钬激光碎石系统处理结石。
手术方法:患者采用全身麻醉,分别取截石位或免分腿侧卧位。先于输尿管镜直视下置入超滑导丝至目标侧肾盂(若遇输尿管结石,将结石推入肾盂),退出输尿管镜,在导丝引导下置入11/13F一次性头端可弯曲输尿管负压导引鞘,经导引鞘置入测压测温一次性输尿管软镜,连接配套的智能灌注-吸引设备平台。设定压力阈值为30.0 mmHg,系统默认温度阈值为38.0 ℃,灌注平台设定的最大灌注流速为100.0 mL/min。术中采用钬激光碎石,碎石功率设置为左脚踏1.2 J、20.0 Hz,右脚踏0.6 J、40.0 Hz。手术过程中,用水循环将结石碎片和粉末从负压鞘与软镜的间隙吸出,边碎石边吸引,同时水流冲洗保证手术视野清晰,较大块碎石可通过缓慢退镜后负压吸出或使用套石网篮取出,术后留置输尿管支架2~4周。

1.3 研究指标

术前指标:所有患者术前均接受泌尿系计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)检查以明确诊断,并测量结石最大直径,对于多发结石,结石直径定义为所有结石最大直径之和。详细记录每位患者的基线数据,包括性别、年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、尿培养、结石特征及肾积水情况等。
术中指标:记录患者的手术体位、结石侧别、操作时间等手术相关资料。手术时间定义为从输尿管镜进入尿道至手术完成后输尿管镜离开尿道的时间。术中实时监测并记录IPP及温度的变化。本研究中,术中肾盂内高压定义为≥30.0 mmHg,高压时间定义为手术过程中肾盂内压力≥30.0 mmHg的累计持续时间; 术中高温定义为≥38.0 ℃,高温时间定义为手术过程中肾盂内温度≥ 38.0 ℃的累计持续时间。
术后及随访指标:术后观察患者的生命体征,行血常规、生化、降钙素原等检测。本研究发热的定义为:术后至拔除输尿管支架1周内,体温≥ 38.5℃。术后3个月复查CT,无结石残留或残留结石≤2 mm者定义为结石清除。详细记录患者的结石清除率、术后感染发热及脓毒血症发生情况。本研究的终点结局指标为结石清除率及感染发生率。

1.4 统计学分析

使用SPSS 22.0及R 3.6.1软件进行数据分析。对所有连续变量进行Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验。符合正态分布的变量以均数±标准差表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的变量以M (P25P75)表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。分类变量表示为n(%),两组间比较采用卡方检验和Fisher精确检验。P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果

共纳入40例在北京大学人民医院行FURL治疗的单侧上尿路结石患者,其中传统截石位组与免分腿侧卧位组各20例。
传统截石位组与免分腿侧卧位组患者的基线特征,如年龄、性别、BMI、结石侧别比例、结石直径、单发结石比例、结石位置、既往尿培养阳性及肾积水比例等,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。
表1 截石位组与免分腿侧卧位组患者的基线特征

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the leg-split-free lateral decubitus position group and the lithotomy position group

Items Total (n=40) Lateral decubitus group (n=20) Lithotomy group (n=20) P value
Age/years, $\bar x \pm s$ 57.4±11.9 57.3±11.1 57.6±13.0 0.938
BMI/(kg/m2), $\bar x \pm s$ 25.2±3.2 25.4±2.5 25.1±3.8 0.802
Gender, n (%) >0.999
  Male 20 (50) 10 (50) 10 (50)
  Female 20 (50) 10 (50) 10 (50)
Stone lateral, n (%) 0.580
  Left 24 (60.0) 13 (65.0) 11 (55.0)
  Right 16 (40.0) 7 (35.0) 9 (45.0)
Stone location, n (%) 0.190
  Ureter 12 (30.0) 4 (20.0) 8 (40.0)
  Renal 20 (50.0) 10 (50.0) 10 (50.0)
  Both 8 (20.0) 6 (30.0) 2 (10.0)
Stone diameter /cm, $\bar x \pm s$ 1.5±0.7 1.5±0.7 1.4±0.7 0.830
Stone number, n (%) 0.530
  Solitary 20 (50.0) 11 (55.0) 9 (45.0)
  Multiple 20 (50.0) 9 (45.0) 11 (55.0)
Urine culture, n (%) >0.999
  Negative 36 (90.0) 18 (90.0) 18 (90.0)
  Positive 4 (10.0) 2 (10.0) 2 (10.0)
Hydronephrosis, n (%) 0.470
  None 10 (25.0) 4 (20.0) 6 (30.0)
  Yes 30 (75.0) 16 (80.0) 14 (70.0)

BMI, body mass index.

所有患者均顺利完成手术,术中无输尿管穿孔、断裂损伤等事件发生。截石位手术组中位手术时间为77.5(47.8, 117.5) min,免分腿侧卧位手术组中位手术时间为87.5(62.3,115.0) min,两组间差异无统计学意义。术中详细监测碎石取石过程中瞬时肾盂内高压及高温的数据,显示免分腿侧卧位组的高压时间显著低于截石位组(P < 0.01,表 2),免分腿侧卧位手术组中14例监测到高压的发生,其中6例高压时长大于30.0 s;而截石位手术组中20例患者均检测到高压事件,其中18例高压时长大于30.0 s。术中高温情况,免分腿侧卧位组的高温时间显著低于截石位组(P < 0.01,表 2)。
表2 截石位组与免分腿侧卧位组患者的围术期数据、结石清除率及并发症

Table 2 Perioperative data, stone clearance rate, and complication rates between the leg-split-free lateral decubitus position group and the lithotomy position group

Items Total (n=40) Lateral Decubitus group (n=20) Lithotomy group (n=20) P value
Operation time/min, M (P25P75) 80.5 (60.0, 117.5) 87.5 (62.3, 115.0) 77.5 (47.8, 117.5) 0.51
High IPP time/s, M (P25P75) 38.5 (24.5, 116.0) 25 (0, 31.8) 115.0 (79.8, 176.0) < 0.01
High temperature time/s, M (P25P75) 15.0 (3.0, 19.0) 3 (2.0, 9.8) 18.5 (16.0, 24.5) < 0.01
Residual stones, n (%) 0.04
  No 33 (82.50) 19 (95.0) 14 (70.0)
  Yes 7 (17.5) 1 (5.0) 6 (30.0)
2 h-WBC (×109/L), $\bar x \pm s$ 6.96±2.45 6.87±2.49 7.06±2.48 0.80
2 h-PCT/(μg/L), $\bar x \pm s$ 0.04±0.04 0.04±0.04 0.04±0.04 0.56
Fever, n (%) 0.15
  No 38 (95.0) 20 (100.0) 18 (90.0)
  Yes 2 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 2 (10.0)

IPP, intrapelvic pressure; WBC, white blood cell; PCT, procalcitonin.

术后随访数据分析显示,免分腿侧卧位组无发热患者,而截石位组患者有2例发热,并出现脓毒症,但感染率差异无统计学意义(P=0.15)。所有患者术后3个月均复查CT以评估结石清除状态,研究结果提示免分腿侧卧位组的结石清除率显著高于截石位组(P=0.04)。

3 讨论

在FURL等腔内泌尿外科手术中,持续的灌洗液灌注是维持清晰手术视野、进行有效碎石和冲洗的必要条件[11]。然而,当灌洗液流入与流出不平衡,特别是因结石碎片堵塞、输尿管通路位置不当或引流不畅时,将导致IPP急剧升高[12-13],这种瞬时或持续的压力升高构成了手术过程中的核心风险。
肾盂内压持续高于30.0~40.0 cmH2O(22.0~30.0 mmHg)的安全阈值时,会引发一系列严重的病理生理后果[14]:(1)高压可导致肾盂静脉、淋巴管及肾盂肾窦的反流,使得存在于尿路中的细菌、内毒素及炎症介质进入血液循环[15],这是术后发热、菌血症乃至威胁生命的尿源性脓毒症的主要诱因。临床研究证实,术后肾盂压力升高与感染性并发症的发生密切相关[16]。(2)肾盂压力升高会激活肾脏感觉神经,肾脏感觉神经广泛表达瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1通道,其对化学和机械刺激均敏感[17]。有研究表明,肾盂压力升高可显著增加肾脏传入神经活性,进而通过肾-肾反射影响传出交感神经活性和动脉血压,形成复杂的神经体液调节环路[18-19]。在已有炎症(如存在肿瘤坏死因子-α或白细胞介素-1β)或病理状态(如慢性间歇性缺氧)下,这种反射可能被增强或改变,加剧交感兴奋和心血管反应[15, 20]。长期或反复的高压灌注还可能对肾实质造成微观损伤,影响术后肾功能的恢复[13]。高压状态可能直接对肾小管和肾小球产生机械性损伤,或通过诱发缺血再灌注损伤、加剧氧化应激和炎症反应等途径损害肾功能。
本研究数据分析初步显示,在负压鞘联合FURL中,体位选择对术中瞬时IPP的控制具有显著影响。在同等灌注参数下,使用负压鞘时,免分腿侧卧位组术中的平均IPP及压力峰值(例如超过30.0 mmHg的持续时间)显著低于传统的截石位组,这一现象提示,侧卧位可能为负压鞘提供了更优化的引流条件。研究指出,IPP的精确监测对于手术安全至关重要,因为过高的压力与肾盂静脉反流、感染及肾损伤等并发症直接相关[16, 21]。一项利用LithoVueTM Elite输尿管镜进行实时IPP测量的研究证实,IPP值受到多种因素影响,包括输尿管通路鞘的尺寸、灌注设置以及内镜尖端在肾内的位置[21]。虽然该研究未直接比较体位,但其强调了维持安全压力阈值的重要性,而侧卧位可能通过改善鞘管与集合系统的相对位置,降低了达到危险压力峰值的风险。此外,有研究通过动态对比增强超声和实时IPP监测发现,在微创经皮肾镜取石术中,当IPP超过34 mmHg的阈值时,会导致造影剂经肾小管反流,并显著降低肾皮质血流灌注[22]。这为理解高IPP的病理生理后果提供了直接证据,并暗示在截石位下更易出现的高压状态可能对肾功能造成潜在损害。
在手术的关键步骤,如激光碎石激活期(产热产气)或鞘管稍有移位时,不同体位下IPP的动态波动特征存在差异。截石位下更易出现IPP的急剧波动和升高,而侧卧位下压力曲线可能更为平稳。这种差异可能与集合系统的几何形态及流体动力学有关。在截石位,肾脏及输尿管的解剖位置可能使引流路径相对曲折,当手术操作产生气泡或导致鞘管轻微堵塞时,压力缓冲能力较差,容易引发压力的快速攀升[21]。相反,侧卧位可能改变了肾盂与输尿管的相对角度,使引流更为顺畅,从而增强了系统应对瞬时压力扰动的稳定性。一项关于儿童肾盂成形术的计算流体动力学模拟研究显示,术后肾盂内压力的降低、压力梯度的变化以及尿流速度的改变与手术吻合方式密切相关,这间接证明了上尿路几何结构的微小改变会显著影响其内部的流体压力动力学[23]。将此原理延伸至体位选择,侧卧位可能通过优化肾盂出口的流体环境,减少了因操作干扰导致的压力尖峰。此外,有研究利用动态磁共振成像监测肾盂和肾小管压力瞬时升高时的肾小管容积分数变化,发现压力变化会导致肾组织不同分区(如皮质、外髓质)的微形态发生显著改变[24]。这提示不稳定的高压波动可能对肾实质产生更复杂的微观损伤,而侧卧位提供的平稳压力曲线可能具有保护作用。
上述IPP控制能力的差异提示,手术体位对负压鞘引流效率有显著影响。换言之,侧卧位或许能更充分地发挥负压鞘设计所固有的压力控制潜力。负压鞘的核心优势在于其能主动引流灌洗液和碎石,理论上可以降低肾盂内压。然而,其实际效能受到鞘管位置、引流通道通畅度以及集合系统内流体阻力的制约[21]。在截石位,由于解剖限制,负压鞘的引流端可能无法始终处于最有效的引流位置,或者肾脏的移动性较小,导致在高压时引流效率达到瓶颈; 而免分腿侧卧位可能通过重力作用及改善局部解剖关系,为负压鞘创造了一个更低压、更高效的引流环境,使其能够处理更大的灌洗流量而不引起压力超标。一项关于可靠测定病理状态下肾脏大小的磁共振成像研究指出,肾盂和肾小管内压力的增加会导致肾脏尺寸发生可测量的变化[25]。这从另一个角度说明,肾内压力与肾脏的物理状态直接相关,有效控制IPP对于减少手术相关的肾实质应激至关重要。因此,选择侧卧位不仅是为了患者舒适或便于穿刺,更是从流体力学和压力管理角度出发的优化策略,旨在将术中IPP维持在安全阈值以下[22],从而最大程度地发挥负压鞘的技术优势,改善临床预后。
虽然本研究为一项前瞻性队列研究,但仍存在局限性,如样本量相对较小,研究为单中心设计且未校正混杂因素,这可能对研究结果的普遍性和代表性产生一定影响。未来需通过更多高质量、大样本量的多中心、随机对照试验进一步验证本研究结论的准确性与普适性,以期更好地指导临床。
本前瞻性探索性研究提示,与截石位相比,免分腿侧卧位可能更有利于术中维持较低的肾盂内压及肾盂内温度,并与术后较高的清石率存在关联,但上述发现受限于小样本及未控制混杂因素的影响,未来仍需大样本、多中心、随机对照试验加以验证。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  赖世聪:设计实验,实施实验,进行手术操作,分析数据,撰写论文;王焕瑞:进行手术操作,实施实验,收集数据;倪润峰:收集数据,进行随访,分析数据;胡浩浦、王辰龙:收集数据;徐涛、胡浩:指导研究,修改论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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