Objective：To identify chemoresistance-associated secretory proteins by proteomic approaches, and to provide the basis for selecting suitable chemotherapy in gastric cancer treatment. Methods: Drug resistant cell lines were established by gradient drug treatment with MGC-803 gastric cancer cells. The secreted proteins of MGC-803 parental and resistant cells were collected from the conditional medium without serum and separated by twodimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE).The proteins were analyzed by PD Quest 7.1.0 software and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Real-time RT-PCR was performed to confirm the difference of expression on the mRNA level. Results: The 5-fluorouracil （5FU）, paclitaxel (TA) and cisplatin (DDP)-resistant gastric cancer cell lines with the resistance indexes of 110.6, 70.0 and 13.3 respectively, were established successfully. DDP-resistant cells had strong cross-resistance to 5FU and TA, and the resistance indexes were 23.5 and 114.0. 5FU-resistant cells also had strong cross-resistance to TA with the resistance index 70.0. The 2-DE patterns of protein component spectra from the conditional medium were obtained with 18 proteins whose abundances were increased in all chemoresistance cells for more than 2-fold, 13 of which were identified by mass spectrometry, including protease and proteins involved in signal transduction. Compared with the parental cell MGC-803, SLMAP, TOP3A, DYNC1H1, RHPN1, PUF60 and SIAH1 were significantly up-regulated in three drug resistant cells, IFT172 and FILIP were up-regulated in 5FU-resistant and TA-resistant cells, PLVAP and LMNA were up-regulated in TA- and DDP-resistant cells. Further validation revealed that SIAH1 protein was enriched in cell lysates and the conditional medium from all the drug resistant cells. Conclusion: By establishing the 5FU-,TA- and DDP- resistant gastric cancer cell lines and assisted by 2-DE and mass spectrometry, we demonstrated the different secretory protein profiling and found that SIAH1 had significantly increased in both cell lysates and the conditional medium of the drug-resistant cells, which are potential candidates for developing chemoresistance markers in sera from gastric cancer patients.

Objective：To clone the Helicobacter pylori (Hp) thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) gene and construct the recombinant expression vector containing the target gene, then to express and purify the protein, and detect its activity. Methods：The cDNA gene of the Hp Trx1 was amplified by RT-PCR from the international standard strain 26695, using the specific primers containing double endonuclease digesting sites. The Hp Trx1 cDNA was then inserted into the pEASY-T1 vector to construct the pEASY-T1-Hp Trx1 recombinant vector. The next step was to double digest the pEASY-T1-Hp Trx1 recombinant vector and insert the target gene into pET-30a to construct the pET-30a-Hp Trx1 recombinant vector, which was transferred to E.coli BL21 plys S to express the Hp Trx1 protein. The recombinant protein was purified by Ni affinity chromatography, and then its activity of disulfide reductase was detected. Results：By DNA sequencing, the Hp Trx1 cDNA was successfully inserted into the pET-30a vector and was in accordance with GenBank(HP0824). The E.coli containing pET-30a-Hp Trx1 recombinant vector successfully expressed Hp Trx1 protein. Through the detection of the activity, the recombinant Hp Trx1 protein was identified to have the activity of disulfide reductase. Conclusion：The prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a-Hp Trx1 was successfully constructed. The recombinant protein Hp Trx1 was successfully expressed and purified, which had the activity of disulfide reductase. This study lays the foundation for further research on the biological activity of Hp Trx1 and the mechanism of its function in tumor genesis.

Objective：To investigate the clinical and histopathological characteristics of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in Chinese patients. Methods: Clinical and pathological data of BCC confirmed by histology from 2010 to 2012 in Peking University First Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Results:Among 418 patients enrolled, the male/female ratio was 0.77 ∶1. The average age was (65.39±13.51) years. Among the patients younger than 60 years who occupied 29% of all the cases, the male/female ratio was 1.16 ∶1. In terms of the histology subtypes of the BCCs, 81.8% were nodular, followed by superficial (9.8%), and the others were in very small proportion. The head and face were the most common sites of BCC (86.6%). All morpheaform subtypes, and the majority of the nodular subtypes were located on the head and face, whereas the trunk and extremities were the most common locations for the others. Clinically, 86.6% of the BCC were pigmented and 80.4% were not ulcerated. The diagnostic accordance rates of BCC on the head and face (84.7%) and on the trunk (79.1%) were higher than those on the extremities (46.2%, P<0.05). Conclusion: The most clinical and histopathological characteristics of our cases were similar to those of Caucasian. This study displays some unique characteristics. The young and middle aged patients occupied relative higher proportion, and their gender ration was different from that of the aged group. Tumor with hyperpigmentation was popular and few cases were ulcerated. In this study, multiple BCC cases were seldom, and the BCC patients with nevus sebaceous were older than those in other reports. The research of the diagnostic accordance rates of BCC revealed that both doctors and patients should pay more attention to BCC.

Objective： To investigate the clinical significance of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) in the pathogenesis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). To make a primary observation on the relationship of chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis (CB) with the pathogenesis of AAV by PAD4. Methods: The sera from 13 patients with AAV, 13 patients with CB, 11 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 11 patients with primary chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 12 normal controls were collected. Serum PAD4 was detected using commercial ELISA kits. The serum levels of PAD4 were compared not only among the different groups but also between the activity and remission stage of the same disease. The associations between serum PAD4 and the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) of AAV were further investigated. Results: (1) The serum levels of PAD4 in patients with AAV, RA and CB at activity stage were all higher than that in the normal controls (P<0.001, respectively, α′=0.007). The serum level of PAD4 in patients with CB at remission stage and that in CKD group were not found elevated compared with the normal controls (P=0.02, P=0.085, respectively, α′=0.007). (2) At activity stage, among the groups of simple AAV, AAV with a long history of CB and CB without AAV, no significant difference was detected. While at remission stage among the 3 groups, the serum level of PAD4 was at the lowest level in CB group without AAV. (3) The serum level of PAD4 in some patients with CB without AAV were found still higher at remission stage. (4) The serum level of PAD4 in AAV with renal damage at activity stage was positively correlated with BVAS (the activity score of AAV, r=0.71, P=0.02). Conclusion: PAD4 is involved in the pathogenesis of AAV. Whether some patients with CB might progress to AAV by the link with PAD4 still need further investigation.

Objective：To evaluate the relationship between left atrial size and the risk of cardiac events in patients with non-obstruction hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.  Methods:In the study, 39 patients who met inclusion criteria were followed up for (28.0±7.7) months. The patients were divided into two groups with or without major adverse cardiac events (a composite of arrhythmia, angina, syncope and congestive heart failure). Clinical and echocardiographic data of the two groups were compared. The predictive value of left atrial diameter (LAD) and left atrial volume index (LAVI) were reviewed by using receive operating characteristic curve (ROC). The events analysis was performed by using the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results:Cardiac events occurred in 11 patients (28.2%). LAD, LAD index (LADI), LAV and LAVI were significantly greater in the patients with cardiac events than those without cardiac events ［LAD: (4.28±0.63) cm vs. (3.85±0.48) cm, P=0.025; LADI: (0.048 9±0.011 1) cm/m²  vs. (0.040 8±0.005 8) cm/m², P=0.005; LAV: (60.8±16.2) mL vs. (46.2±14.0) mL, P=0.008; LAVI: (66.5±23.8) mL/m² vs. (49.6±15.9) mL/m², P=0.014］. An LAD of >4.29 cm identified patients with cardiac events with a sensitivity of 63.6% and a specificity of 89.3%. An LAVI of >53.1 mL/m² identified patients with cardiac events with a sensitivity of 72.7% and a specificity of 71.4%. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the patients with LAD>4.29 cm or LAVI>53.1 mL/m² had higher incidence of cardiac events. Conclusion:LAD and LAVI may be effective markers for predicting adverse cardiac events in patients with non-obstruction hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Objective：To investigate the effects of big and bit Y chromosome configurations on male fertility and to evaluate the relevant clinical significance.  Methods: The relevant cases were divided into A and B groups. Group A included male infertile cases. Group B included cases whose wives had adverse pregnancy history or the abnormal amniotic fluid punctures. The cytogenetics of the patients were examined by culturing peripheralblood lymphocytes and Gbanding technology, and karyotyping analysis techniques were used to study the big and bit Y chromosomes in the two different groups. Results: Among 2 139 cases, 98 cases were found with abnormal karyotype of big and bit Y chromosomes. There was no significant difference in the abnormal rate of the length variation of the Y chromosomal karyotypes between the male infertility group and the adverse pregnancy outcome group. In the male infertile group (group A), there was no significant difference in the abnormal rate between the big Y chromosome and the bit Y chromosome. In the group with adverse pregnancy outcomes (group B), the abnormal rate of the big Y chromosome karyotyping was significantly higher than that of the bit Y chromosome karyotyping. The main clinical effects of groups A and B were azoospermia, oligozoospermia, poor spermia, abortion, embryonic diapause and fetal anomalies, etc . Conclusion: The big and bit Y chromosomal abnormality results in not only the male infertility directly, but also an important and continuous reason of adverse pregnancy outcomes, of which the detailed mechanism needs to be further investigated.

Objective：To analyze the incidence, clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of postoperative endophthalmitis of cataract. Methods: Reviewed all the 15 electronic surgical records of cataract surgery during the last 12 years in Peking University First Hospital and summarized the incidence, onset time, symptoms, clinical signs and pathogenic characteristics of endophthalmitis. Analyzed the laws of vision changes and the related factors of visual outcomes. The data were analyzed with SPSS 14.0. Results: The overall rate of endophthalmitis was 0.17%, while most of the patients had serious symptoms and low vision. The onset time of the disease was 23.8 days on average, while that of the acute cases was 6 days. The positive rate of bacterial examination was 60% and all of the results were G+ (77% was Staphylococcus epidermidis). The visual acuity after treatment was improved to varying degrees. Our research had revealed that the factors related to the visual outcome included postsurgery visual acuity (r=0.746，P<0.01), presenting visual acuity at the onset of endophthalmitis (r=0.667，P<0.01), posterior capsular rupture occurrence (P<0.05) and ocular irritation symptoms (P<0.05). Conclusion: Better visual outcome of endophthalmitis after cataract surgery is correlated with positive and correct treatment. The vision and signs of the patients are useful to predict the visual outcomes.

Objective：To investigate the outpatient provider preference and its influencing factors among residents older than 45 years in China’s urban areas.  Methods:The data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS) taking place in the year 2011 were analyzed with the method of multinominal logistic regression. Results:In the last month, the rates of respondents with hypertension or/and diabetes who were reported being ill and seeking treatment were higher than that of those without such diseases. 51.73% of the hypertensive and 64.81% of the diabetic preferred hospitals to community health service (CHS) and private clinics. Regression results showed that people with Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI), higher education level, higher capacity to pay and diabetes tended to choose hospitals rather than CHS. Conclusion:Urban people with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) preferred to use hospitals rather than the CHS, which reflected CHS’s low performance in NCDs management. UEBMI failed to channel off the insured people to CHS. CHS needs to strengthen its ability to manage NCDs, and UEBMI should implement measures to attract patients’ flow to CHS.

Objective： To obtain the baseline data and decision of quantitative analysis for the allocation of scarce health care resources,and for the health policymaking about easing the disease burden, to provide estimation of the economic costs and the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) loss of the coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP) and to explore the influencing factors of the disease burden. Methods: The CWP inpatients from the Institute of Occupational Diseases Prevention and Control of a Coal Mining Group for 2011 were recruited in the study. Multiple dimensions of the disease burden were measured in the inception cohort of the 194 CWP inpatients: the direct economic burden, the indirect economic burden and the DALYs loss. The direct economic burden of the inpatients included hospitalization expenses and food allowances and nutritional supplements. The indirect economic burden was estimated using the DALYs and human capital approach,and the influencing factors of hospitalization expenses were analyzed in this study. Results: The estimated direct economic burden for the 194 CWP inpatients for 2011 was approximately 4.68 million yuan and direct burden per capita was 24 108.05 yuan, and their indirect burden about 6.98 million yuan and indirect burden per capita 35 977.36 yuan. The study discovered that 1 681.53 health years were lost for the CWP inpaitents and per capita health years loss (8.67±3.65) years. Conclusion: The medical cost, the indirect cost and the DALYs loss of CWP are all sizable. Age and length of stay in the hospital are the major influencing factors for high hospitalization expenses. The hospitalization expenses of the CWP inpatients increase with their age and length of stay in the hospital. Taking effective measures to reduce the morbility is the key point to reduce the CWP burden.

Objective：To investigate the effects of lead exposure on lead and other metal elements contents in rats. Methods: SD rats were randomly divided into control group and several experiment groups of different doses. The rats were exposed to lead acetate through intragastric administration every other day for 5 times. The whole blood, urine and feces of all the rats were collected. The concentrations of lead and 18 metal elements in these samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma atom emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Results: No significant difference among the groups was found for body weight and organbody ratios of the rats after lead exposure (P>0.05). With the increase of exposure dose, lead content in blood, total lead in urine and feces tended to increase, while the total lead in urine no longer increased in the high dose group. Significant differences among the groups (P<0.05) were observed for the sodium, magnesium, potassium, strontium, antimony, thallium and bismuth contents in the whole blood, the potassium, iron and antimony contents in the urine, and the calcium, iron, zinc, copper, thallium, bismuth and rare earth elements contents in the feces. Conclusion: The effect of lead on the metabolism of divalent metal ions, namely calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and strontium ion, may be due to the competition of lead with the ions for common delivery carrier. Lead exposure induces the excretion of light rare earth elements and toxic elements (thallium and bismuth), and changes the antimony, sodium and potassium contents in rats. But there is no effect of lead on molybdenum and cadmium in rats.

Objective：To compare the daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin, serum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin and serum lipids between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients and controls. Methods: AMD was diagnosed and graded according to the fundus morphology and the standard of agerelated eye disease study (AREDS). In the study, 51 subjects with early AMD, 51 with medium AMD and 51 without AMD as controls were recruited. Food frequency questionnaires were used to calculate the daily intake of lutein and zeaxanthin. The concentrations of serum lutein and zeaxanthin were measured by HPLC and the concentrations of serum lipids including serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured by Roche fullautomatic biochemical analyzer. Results: The daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin, the concentrations of serum lutein and serum zeaxanthin of the subjects with medium AMD were 7 870.458 μg/d, 0.180 μmol/L, 0.029 μmol/L respectively, which were all significantly lower than those of the controls (11 297.959 μg/d, 0.285 μmol/L, 0.044 μmol/L, P<0.05); The concentrations of serum HDL of the subjects with early and medium AMD were (1.29±0.27) mmol/L and (1.16±0.30) mmol/L respectively, both of which were significantly lower than that of the controls ［(1.45±0.35) mmol/L, P<0.001］. Conclusion: The development of AMD might be affected by the daily intake of lutein+zeaxanthin and the serum concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin. The concentration of serum HDL might be related to the occurrence of AMD.

Objective：To investigate salt-restriction behavior and explore related determinants among Beijing residents, so as to provide scientific basis for saltrestriction intervention. Methods: The health belief model (HBM) was applied in designing the questionnaire, in which respondents’ demographic characteristics, salt-restriction behavior, knowledge on hypertension, perceived susceptibility to hypertension, perceived severity of hypertension, perceived benefits of salt-restriction, perceived subjective barriers of salt-restriction, perceived objective barriers of salt-restriction, self-efficacy and cues to action were measured. Altogether 799 residentsresponsible for cooking in Xicheng district (396 urban residents) and Shunyi district (403 rural residents) in Beijing were investigated by the questionnaire, salt intake follow up, and 24-hour urinary sodium (24HUNa) determination. Results: In the study, 54.0% (214/396) of urban respondents and 26.3% (106/403) of rural respondents used a salt-restriction-spoon with high frequencies (everyday and often), while 27.5% (109/396) and 12.4% (50/403) used it correctly. The daily salt intake was (5.85±4.17) g and (7.74±4.67) g, and the 24HUNa was (113.70±72.57) mmoL and (212.18±105.01) mmoL for urban and rural respondents, respectively. Perceived objective barriers of salt-restriction was animportant determinant of salt-restriction behavior for both the rural (OR=0.92；95%CI：0.88-0.96；P＜0.01) and urban respondents (OR=0.87；95%CI：0.83-0.91；P＜0.01), which was perceived obviously more by rural respondents than by urban ones. Another important determinant of rural respondents’ salt-restriction behavior was the owning status of salt-restriction-spoon (OR=2.18；95%CI：1.04-4.57；P=0.04).Conclusion: It is necessary to improve current salt-restriction-spoon, enhance its owning rate,and popularize its correct way of using, especially among rural residents.

Objective： To describe the prevalence rates of disabilities attributed to non-dementia organic mental disorder and their demographic and regional distributions in China for supporting policy maker to prevent mental disabilities. Methods: Using the data from the second China National Survey on Disability, the prevalence rates were statistically analysed. Results: There were 1 200 people with non-dementia organic mental disabilities in 2 526 145 respondents, the point prevalence rate of disabilities attributed to non-dementia organic mental disorder was 0.475‰, ranking the third in all mental disabilities. Among the disabled, more male and more people with lower education level, being unemployed, divorced, widowed and unmarried were found. The decline of disability prevalence rates in different ethnic groups was found in the sequence of Uighur, Tibetan, Hui-Chinese (Muslims), HanChinese and Mongolian. The disability prevalence rates in Uighur and Tibetan were double higher than those in Han-Chinese and Hui-Chinese with statistical significances. The disability prevalence rates increased with age. Regarding the region distribution of non-dementia organic mental disabilities, the prevalence rate in western region was higher than that in eastern region. Among the eight economic regions, the prevalence rates in the underdeveloped southwest, south, northwest regions were significantly higher than those in the others. The proportions of extremely severe, severe, moderate, and mild disability were 36.8%, 17.0%, 14.3%, and 31.9%. The severest impairment on function of daily activities was found in the disabled. Conclusion: The proportion of nondementia organic mental disabilities is relative high in all mental disabilities, therefore it should be focused for prevention and treatment. The disabled in males, with lower economic and education level, worse marital status, and being unemployed should receive more attention.

Objective：To study clinical-related characteristics of sociology of postoperative distal radius fracture patients. Methods:A multi-center retrospective research was conducted on the information of the case evaluation and follow-up, including the patients’ gender, age, habits, history of chronic diseases, conditions of fracture, length of hospital stay and treatments. The epidemiology data were analyzed with SPSS15.0. Results:Of the entire 143 patients, 52 were male (average age: 41), and 91 were female (average age: 61). The different gender and age groups had significant distinction in the characteristics of injury. The length of hospital stay was influenced by the energy of injury. Conclusion:To reduce the damage or incidence of distal radius fracture, we should avoid falling, strengthen protection awareness, treat internal medicine diseases or osteoporosis and so on. The knowledge of characteristics of sociology and injury of distal radius fracture is beneficial to the prevention and treatment.

Objective：To analyze the minor allele frequencies (MAFs), haplotype block and haplotype frequencies for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SUMO1 using HapMap data and perform association analysis between SNPs in SUMO1 and non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) using 183 trios recruited from Shandong Province. Methods: SNPs with MAF>0.01 and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.01) were identified as qualified SNPs by Haploview. The MAFs of qualified SNPs were analyzed and the relative range ratios of the MAFs were developed to measure the differences in MAFs for common qualified SNPs with mutual minor allele among the samples. Haplotype blocks and haplotype frequencies for common qualified SNPs in four samples were analyzed and compared among the samples. Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was carried out to identify the association between rs7599810 and NSCL/P using 183 NSCL/P case-parent trios. Results: Among the 24 SNPs released by HapMap project, the number of monotonic SNPs was 9 in Han Chinese in Beijing, China (CHB) and Japanese in Tokyo, Japan (JPT) samples, 8 in Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry from the CEPH collection (CEU) sample, and 6 in Yoruban in Ibadan, Nigeria (YRI) sample. The 12 common qualified SNPs in the four samples formed one haplotype in each sample. There were 3, 3, 5, and 6 forms of haplotypes in the CHB, JPT, CEU, and YRI samples respectively, and the cumulative frequencies for the 2 most common haplotypes ranged from 0.634 to 0.922. Significant transmission disequilibrium of G allele at rs7599810 from parents to offspring was not shown (χ²=0.485, P=0.486, OR=0.898, 95% CI: 0.663-1.021) for rs7599810 in Shandong Han sample. Conclusion: SNPs in SUMO1 mainly showed common features in minor alleles, MAFs and haplotype blocks among CHB, JPT and CEU samples, but unique features in YRI compared with those for the other three samples. Although no association was established between the markers in SUMO1 and NSCL/P using data from Shandong Han population, our analysis suggests further studies are warranted.

Objective：To investigate the relationship between Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) SNP and the severity of periodontitis. Methods: In the study, 227 subjects in a community of Beijing received questionnaire interview, periodontal examination and biochemical laboratory examination in 2005. The designed primer was used to amplify the specific mtDNA fragments with PCR, and sequence the PCR products. Finally, the relationship between severity of chronic periodontitis and mtDNA SNP at site 10398 was analyzed. Results: The number of the subjects included at mtDNA site 10398 was 227. The G allele frequency in the metabolic syndrome(MS) subjects was significantly higher than that in the non MS subjects ［80（70.2%） vs. 34（29.8%），P=0.039］. The result of Logistic regression showed that the subjects with G allele had higher risk of MS than the subjects with A allele(OR=1.77，95%CI=1.02-3.06, P=0.042). But there was no significant relationship between the 10398 A→G SNP and severity of periodontitis. Conclusion: In this population, mtDNA SNP 10398 A→G may be associated with MS. However, there was no relationship between the 10398 A→G SNP and severity of chronic periodontitis.

Objective：To explore the association between AXIN2 polymorphism and oligodontia in Chinese population. Methods: We employed 97 individuals diagnosed with sporadic non-syndromic oli-godontia and 200 healthy control subjects. Their DNA was obtained from the whole blood or buccul swap samples and the genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Significant differences were observed in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs145353986 of AXIN2. Distributions of genotypes GG, GC and CC of rs145353986 polymorphism were significantly different between the case group and the control group (P = 0.011) and C allelic frequency was higher in the case group (P=0.002). Conclusion: These data demonstrate an association between rs145353986 of AXIN2 and nonsyndromic oligodondia in the Chinese population. Furthermore, AXIN2 can be regarded as a marker gene for the risk of tooth agenesis.

Objective： To isolate and culture human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and observe its ultrastructure. Methods: The proliferation and growth characteristics of human periodontal ligament cells were observed in primary culture and colony culture. PDLSCs were isolated by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) and ultrastructural characterization was observed by electron microscopy. Results: When the cells were cultured at low density, PDLSCs grew in a colony-like manner. With the exception of a small amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and mitochondria, relatively few organelles were found in the cytoplasm, suggesting that they had remained undifferentiated. Conclusion: PDLSCs showed colonylike growth capacity and had ultrastructural characterization with stem cells. This indicated that PDLSCs could act as the appropriate seed cells for cell-based periodontal tissue regeneration.

Objective：To find out the mechanisms by which Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) regulates interleukin (IL)-8 expression in endothelial cells. Methods: P. gingivalis was applied to infect human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the expressions of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1, NOD2 and IL-8 were detected at mRNA and protein levels. Then the NOD1/NOD2 gene was silenced by RNA interference targeting NOD1 or NOD2 mRNA, followed by P. gingivalis treatment in the HUVECs, and the expression levels of NOD1/NOD2 and IL-8 were examined by real-time PCR, Western-blot or ELISA. In order to confirm the relationship between NOD1/NOD2 and IL-8 in the HUVECs, the agonists for NOD1 and NOD2, DAP and MDP were used in this study. Results: P. gingivalis was activated the expressions of NOD1 and NOD2 in the HUVECs. Meanwhile, IL-8 expression level was also upreguated after P. gingivalis treatment (P<0.01). Knocking down of NOD1 or NOD2, the expression level of NOD1 or NOD2 was decreased, and P. gingivalis-induced IL-8 expression was attenuated in the HUVECs (P<0.01). Compared with normal cells, the NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, DAP and MDP, successfully increased IL-8 expression respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion: NOD1 and NOD2 play an important role in the inflammation of HUVECs caused by P. gingivalis in the expression of IL8.

Objective：To investigate influence of thermalcycling on the bonding durability of two one-step products ［Adper Prompt (AP) and G-bond (GB)］ and one two-step self-etching adhesive ［Clearfil SE bond (SE)］ with dentin in vitro.  Methods:Forty-two extracted human molars were selected. The superficial dentin was exposed by grinding off the enamel. The teeth were randomly distributed into six groups with varied bonding protocols. The adhesives were applied to the dentin surface. Composite crowns were built up, then the samples were cut longitudinally into sticks with 1.0 mm×1.0 mm bon-ding area ［for microtensile bond strength (MTBS) testing］ or 1.0 mm thick slabs (for nanoleakage observation). Bonding performance was evaluated with or without thermalcyling. For the MTBS testing, the strength values were statistically analysed using One-Way ANOVA. Four slabs in each group were observed for nanoleakage by SEM with a backscattered electron detector.Results:Thermalcycling procedures affected MTBS. In the two onestep groups, the MTBS decreased significantly (P<0.05) after thermalcycling ［AP group from (19.06±1.50) MPa to (12.62±2.10) MPa; GB group from (17.75±1.10) MPa to (6.24±0.42)MPa］. But in SE groups, MTBS did not significantly affect ［(45.80±2.97) MPa compared with(40.60±5.76) MPa］. As a whole, one-step selfetching adhesives showed lower MTBS than two-step bonding system after aging.For AP and GB, continuous nanoleakage appearance was notable and more obvious than for SE. Conclusion:Thermalcycling can affect the bonding performance of self-etch adhesives including decrease of bond strength and nanoleakage pattern. One-step self-etch adhesives showed more obvious change compared with their two-step counterparts.

Objective：To accurately measure the volume of normal human parotid and submandibular glands, establish the normal values of the volumes of the glands, and apply the technique in the diagnosis of swollen salivary glands of the patients with IgG4-related sialadenitis.Methods:Two hundred and forty cases with normal parotid and submandibular glands who received CT examination were divided into 4 groups according to the age standards raised by the Society of Geriatrics Chinese Medical Association and WHO (2000) age standards . 3D CT images of parotid and submandibular glands were reconstructed by technique of volume rendering. Volumes of normal parotid and submandibular glands were measured and their normal values were analyzed. The volumes of swollen parotid and submandibular glands from 30 cases with IgG4 -related sialadenitis were compared with the normal values. Results：3D images of parotid and submandibular glands were well established by volume rendering. The normal values（95%confidence interval, 95%CI） of CT volume of parotid gland were as follows: adolescent group of males: 16.993-20.975 cm³, females: 13.908-16.696 cm³; young group of males: 20.015-24.359 cm³, females: 18.089-21.135 cm³; middle-aged group of males: 28.638-35.122 cm³, females: 19.588-22.474 cm3; young elderly and elderly group of males: 28.792-35.082 cm3, females: 28.783-34.909 cm³. The normal values （95%CI） of submandibular gland were as follows: adolescent group of males: 7.202-8.852 cm³, females: 6.494-8.126 cm³; young group of males: 7.759-9.523 cm³, females: 7.285-8.605 cm³; middleaged group of males: 8.423-10.177 cm³, females: 7.905-9.309 cm³; young elderly and elderly group of males: 8.310-10.510 cm³, females: 7.003-8.203 cm³. The volumes of parotid glands increased with age. but no significant change was found in those of submandibular glands. The volumes of the swollen glands from the patients with IgG4 -related sialadenitis were significantly larger than those of the normal glands.Conclusion：Volumes of the parotid and submandibular glands could be definitely and quantitively measured by CT volume rendering. The established normal values in this study could be taken as the reference for the diagnosis of parotid and submandibular gland enlargement .

Objective：To evaluate the applicability, accuracy and clinical outcome of the computer assisted design and computer assisted manufacture (CAD & CAM) tooth-supported implant surgical guide in the mandibular free-end partially edentulous patients with insufficient vertical bone height. Methods: According to the inclusion criteria, 3 patients (2 women, and 1 man) with the mean age of 45 years (from 44 to 46 years) with 10 implant sites were involved in this study. With the help of computer-assisted-design software to plan and simulate the surgical strategies, the implant surgical guides were fabricated via the rapid prototyping technique, then the guided implant placement was implemented, finally the post-surgical evaluations were accomplished by the clinical and radiographic examinations. Results: Ten implants were placed in 3 mandibles via the surgical guides, and the implant supported non-split restorations were in place. All the implant restorations revealed good clinical function until the last review. No inferior alveolar nerve injury was detected by the clinical neurosensory test. The immediate post surgical CBCT was performed to confirm a safe distance of 1.5 to 3.0 mm between the implant apical and the nerve canal. The deviations between the planed and the actually placed implant were: coronal deviation (0.84±0.30) mm (0.31-1.24 mm); apical deviation (1.42±0.52) mm (0.52-2.36 mm); angular deviation 7.65°±1.84° (4.43°-9.81°). Conclusion: In case of distal free-end partially edentulous with insufficient vertical bone height in the posterior mandibular region, computer assisted surgical design and guided surgery can offer a treatment option with minimal invasiveness and a shorter treatment period, and avoid the complicated bone augmentation procedure and the high risk of nerve transposition. This technique is clinically and technically feasible, but the cases using this technique should be strictly selected according to the indication.

Objective：To investigate the effects of wearing dentures on sleep breathing among edentulous people. Methods: Nine edentulous people were recruited to participate in this selfcontrolled case series clinical study. Polysomnogram (PSG) was carried out on two consecutive nights, on one night the patients slept wearing dentures, and on the other without dentures. The indexes such as apnea and hypopnea index (AHI), L-SpO₂, and morning blood pressure etc. were compared. Results: Among the nine edentulous people, eight showed a higher AHI when they slept with dentures, and only one showed a lower AHI. The average AHI of the nine edentulous people was 8.82 without dentures and 11.72 with dentures, which meant that AHI was significantly higher when the edentulous people slept with dentures in their mouths （P＜0.05）. While no significant differences were found in the score of L-SpO₂ and morning blood pressures （P＞0.05）. Conclusion: Wearing dentures might lead to an increase of AHI during sleep among edentulous people.

Objective：To evaluate the effect of hot-etching pretreatment of surface of zirconia on the shear bond strength of interface between zirconia and the two different resin cements. Methods: Smooth enamel surfaces of fresh extracted human teeth and zirconia discs were prepared, and the surface of zirconia discs were treated with the following different methods: no treatment, airborne particle abrasion with 50 μm Al₂O₃ particles, hot-etching treatment for 60 min. The surface morphology was observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Two commercial resin bond systems (Super Bond C&B and Panavia F2.0) were used to cement the zirconia discs to enamel surfaces according to the instruction. Shear bond test was conducted with universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Single-factor ANOVA (analysis of variance) statistical analysis was performed to compare the differences of shear bond strengths between the groups (α=0.01). Results: The shear bond strengths of Super Bond group were (23.37±3.94) MPa, (25.95±3.05) MPa and (34.52±1.8) MPa respectively for no treatment, airborne particle abrasion, and hot-etching treatments. The shear bond strengths of Panavia group were (12.91±3.33) MPa, (14.00±3.28) MPa, and (18.47±4.16) MPa respectively for no treatment, airborne particle abrasion, and hot-etching treatments. The shear bond strengths were increased by hot-etching treatment compared with no treatment and airborne particle abrasion treatment (P<0.01). Conclusion: The result indicated that the hot-etching technique could improve the shear bond strength between zirconia and resin cements.

Objective：To validate the American College of Rheumatology Classification (ACR) Criteria (2012) for the diagnosis of primary Sjögren’s syndrome in Chinese patients.Methods:All patients involved in this study came from the Department of Oral Medicine Peking University Stomatology Hospital. They were devided into two groups of pSS and non-pSS according to the diagnoses made by two experts. Both groups of the patients had completed medical records kept in the hospital. Results: A total of 239 pSS patients (160 with labial salivary gland biopsy, and 79 without biopsy) and 52 age-matched non-pSS patients ［(55.17±14.295)，and (55.90±13.38) years old, P>0.05］ (9 with biopsy, and 43 without biopsy) were involved in this study. The sensitivity and specificity of ACR criteria in diagnosing pSS were 90.37 % and 88.46 % respectively. The positive and negative likelihood ratios were 7.83 and 0.109, respectively. The sensitivities of ACR criteria in diagnosing pSS patients with and without labial biopsy were 88.75% and 93.67 %, respectively, with specificities of 88.89% and 88.37%, respectively. The most sensitive item adopted in ACR criteria was the ocular staining score with a sensitivity of 85.77%, and the most specific item was the labial salivary gland biopsy, with a specificity of 88.89%. Conclusion:The sensitivity and specificity of ACR criteria in diagnosing Chinese pSS patients were relatively high, and may serve as the diagnosis criteria in research and clinical practice. However, the ACR criteria need to be validated and further revised in the future .

Objective：To further improve the recognition of Alport syndrome. Methods: The patients with
COL4A3, COL4A4 or COL4A5 mutations, admitted to Department of Pediatric, Peking University First Hospital from 2005 to 2009, were retrospectively studied. Their clinical and ultrastructural characteristics were compared between the male patients with X-linked dominant inheritance Alport syndrome (XLAS) and the patients with autosomal recessive inheritance Alport syndrome (ARAS). Results:There were 54 male patients with XLAS and 14 patients with ARAS. Compared with the male patients with XLAS, episodic gross hematuria was prominent (P<0.001) in patients with ARAS. Family history was also different between the two groups (P=0.016). However, there was no significant difference in the age of identification of symptoms, initial manifestations, levels of proteinuria, extrarenal signs and ultrastructural glomerular basement membrane changes between the two groups. Conclusion:There are some features that distinguish between the patients with XLAS and the patients with ARAS.

Objective：To analyze the longterm outcome of seizures, and to explore the effects of related factors, including the age at onset, types of epileptic syndromes, and etiological factors, etc. Methods:The clinical data were retrospectively surveyed from 265 children with regular follow-ups for over 1 year at Peking University First Hospital (Jan. 2003 to Dec. 2006). The seizure-free rate was calculated as an at least one-year non-occurrence of seizures. The long-term outcome of seizures was analyzed in association with factors including the age at onset, types of epileptic syndromes, and etiology. Results:(1) Seizure types were clarified in all the cases, with combined types of seizures in 17. Epileptic syndromes were identified in 163/265 cases (61.5%). With regular antiepileptic drug therapy, 57.9% children with epilepsy could be seizure-free. (2) Seizure-free was demonstrated in 142/265 cases with a seizure-free rate of 53.6% in this group. (3) The age at onset was youngest in the non-efficacy group. (4) The seizure-free rate was different by syndrome types of epilepsies, with a higher seizure-free rate in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (72.4%) and benign epilepsy in children with centro-temporal spikes (65.5%), whereas a lowest rate (21.7%) in infantile spasms. (5) A significant difference of seizure-free rates was revealed in different etiological groups. Children with idiopathic epilepsy achieved higher seizure-free rate (69.2%) than those with symptomatic and cryptogenic epilepsy (45.4%). Conclusion:The epilepsy children with regular antiepileptic drug therapy had generally satisfactory outcome of seizures, with over half cases of seizure-free. The prognosis was demonstrated to be closely related with the etiological factors, syndrome types and age at onset.

Objective： To explore the manifestation and clinical significance of prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of fetal hemivertebra. Methods: In the study, 27 fetals with hemivertebras (proven by post-natal X-ray, CT or MR) were examined by prenatal ultrasound and MR in Women & Children’s Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang. Two-dimensional and threedimensional prenatal ultrasonic manifestations were retrospective analyzed and compared with the prenatal MR diagnoses, the post-natal X-ray, CT, MR examinations. All the fetuses were carried out karyotype examinations. The full-term births recieved surgical treatment and the Cobb angle correction rate was calculated. Results: The 27 cases of fetal ultrasound showed the morphological changes of the spine, with the involved segment only half of the vertebra, in which 9 cases were single hemivertebra and 18 cases multiple, 8 cases were no malformation and 19 cases other malformations, and 19 cases were induction of labor, and 8 cases of term delivery. Compared with postpartum X-ray and other imaging tests, the prenatal ultrasound accuracy rate was 92.5%, and prenatal MR 96.3%. In the 27 cases, the chromosome cultures of 25 cases were successful, in which the normal karyotype was 68.0% (17/25), and abnormal karyotype 32.0% (8/25) with multiple hemivertebra accounting for 47.1% (8/17). In 8 cases with posterior approach of hemivertebra resection, 6 patients were less than and equal to 3 years old, whose average Cobb angle correction rate was 38.02%, and 2 more than 3 years old, whose average Cobb angle correction rate was 24.98%. Conclusion: Fetal hemivertebra have typical sonographic manifestations. In diagnosis of fetal hemivertebra, the accuracy of prenatal ultrasound is close to that of MR, which has important clinical implications in diagnosis and overall assessment of fetal hemivertebra, and can also provide appropriate clinical genetic reference.

Objective：To summarize the maternal/fetal outcome of pregnancy in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) patients to evaluate the influence of treatment on the outcomes of pregnancy, and to investigate the possible clinical predictors of unsuccessful pregnancy. Methods: The clinical characteristics，laboratory profiles and the outcomes of delivery of 54 APS patients from January 2000 to March 2013 were investigated retrospectively. Results: (1) Maternal/fetal outcome: 17 pregnancies (31.4%) resulted in full term delivery, 7 (12.9%) in stillbirth, 16 (29.6%) in spontaneous abortion,10 (18.5%) in premature birth due to eclampsia or severe preeclampsia or signs of placental insufficiency, 4 （7.4%）received therapeutic termination of pregnancy due to eclampsia or severe preeclampsia. In 27 live birth cases, 8 (29.6%) were fetal growth restriction, 4 (14.8%) were low birth weight infants, and 3 (11.1%) were very low birth weight infants. (2) Influence of treatment on the pregnancy outcomes and complications: 24 APS patients were given the treatment of aspirin or aspirin combined with low molecular weight heparin, and 30 patients received no treatment. Compared with the untreated group, the treated group had lower rate of fetal loss, higher rate of fullterm delivery, increased gestational age and birth weight, decreased incidence of preeclampsia / eclampsia and thrombocytopenia. There was a significant difference between the two groups （P<0.05）. (3)Possible risk factors of unsuccessful pregnancy: there were 17 successful pregnancies and 37 unsuccessful pregnancy. The rate of double APL positive and antibody titers ≥ three times the upper limit of normal were higher in the unsuccessful pregnancy group than the successful pregnancy group. Antibody negative rate before pregnancy proportion of patients received treatment and the level of complement 4 were lower in the unsuccessful pregnancy group. Conclusion: Pregnant women with APS are an extremely high risk group for adverse maternal /fetal outcome. Treatments can improve the pregnancy outcome of the APS patients. APL not turning negative before pregnancy double APL positive, antibody titers ≥ three times the upper limit of normal and complement 4 decrease may be the risk factors for pregnancy failure and treatment may be a protective factor for successful pregnancy.

Factor Ⅺ deficiency is a hereditary blood coagulation disorders. Puerpera with factor Ⅺ deficiency is exceedingly rare. A case of a 28-year-old woman who was found to have factor Ⅺ deficiency coagulopathy at the end of 33 weeks of gestation was presented here, and was admitted to Peking University Third Hospital at the end of 38 weeks of gestation. The doctors from several departments conducted cooperative management, and prepared with supplement of the coagulant factor and fresh frozen plasma before operation. The woman had general anesthesia, the baby was delivered successfully and the mother’s condition was kept stable. The amount of bleeding of puerpera was not much perioperation. Yet the management of cesarean section with factor Ⅺ deficiency at home and abroad is still lack of standard guideline by now.

We present here a rare case of thoracic extramedullary subdural and epidural of leisions. The initial diagnosis of preoperation was hypertrophy of ligamentum flavum, however, after excision of the epidural lesions, the symptoms got worse. A second operation found the subdural leisions which were then totally resected. Two pathological examinations confirmed it was inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT). The incidence of this disease is extremely low. IMT is benign in histology, but it can be aggressive. The exact pathogenesis is still unknown. Tumor resection is the first choice to treat. Long-term follow-up with MRI is required for the patient.