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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (1): 174-180. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.01.027

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Automatic determination of mandibular landmarks based on three-dimensional mandibular average model

Zi-xiang GAO1,Yong WANG1,2,Ao-nan WEN2,Yu-jia ZHU2,Qing-zhao QIN2,Yun ZHANG3,Jing WANG4,*(),Yi-jiao ZHAO1,*()   

  1. 1. Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry, Beijing 100081, China
    3. Lanzhou Stomatological Hospital, Lanzhou 730031, China
    4. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2022-10-10 Online:2023-02-18 Published:2023-01-31
  • Contact: Jing WANG,Yi-jiao ZHAO E-mail:wjing0122@163.com;kqcadcs@bjmu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071171);the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81870815);the Key R & D Program of Gansu Province of China(21YF5FA165);the Peking University Medicine Fund for World's Leading Discipline or Discipline Cluster Development(BMU2022XKQ003);the New Clinical Techniques and Therapies of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology(PKUSSNCT-22A06)

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Abstract:

Objective: To explore an efficient and automatic method for determining the anatomical landmarks of three-dimensional(3D) mandibular data, and to preliminarily evaluate the performance of the method. Methods: The CT data of 40 patients with normal craniofacial morphology were collected (among them, 30 cases were used to establish the 3D mandibular average model, and 10 cases were used as test datasets to validate the performance of this method in determining the mandibular landmarks), and the 3D mandibular data were reconstructed in Mimics software. Among the 40 cases of mandibular data after the 3D reconstruction, 30 cases that were more similar to the mean value of Chinese mandibular features were selected, and the size of the mandibular data of 30 cases was normalized based on the Procrustes analysis algorithm in MATLAB software. Then, in the Geomagic Wrap software, the 3D mandibular average shape model of the above 30 mandibular data was constructed. Through symmetry processing, curvature sampling, index marking and other processing procedures, a 3D mandible structured template with 18 996 semi-landmarks and 19 indexed mandibular anatomical landmarks were constructed. The open source non-rigid registration algorithm program Meshmonk was used to match the 3D mandible template constructed above with the tested patient's 3D mandible data through non-rigid deformation, and 19 anatomical landmark positions of the patient's 3D mandible data were obtained. The accuracy of the research method was evaluated by comparing the distance error of the landmarks manually marked by stomatological experts with the landmarks marked by the method of this research. Results: The method of this study was applied to the data of 10 patients with normal mandibular morphology. The average distance error of 19 landmarks was 1.42 mm, of which the minimum errors were the apex of the coracoid process [right: (1.01±0.44) mm; left: (0.56±0.14) mm] and maximum errors were the anterior edge of the lowest point of anterior ramus [right: (2.52±0.95) mm; left: (2.57±1.10) mm], the average distance error of the midline landmarks was (1.15±0.60) mm, and the average distance error of the bilateral landmarks was (1.51±0.67) mm. Conclusion: The automatic determination method of 3D mandibular anatomical landmarks based on 3D mandibular average shape model and non-rigid registration algorithm established in this study can effectively improve the efficiency of automatic labeling of 3D mandibular data features. The automatic determination of anatomical landmarks can basically meet the needs of oral clinical applications, and the labeling effect of deformed mandible data needs to be further tested.

Key words: Mandible, Imaging, three-dimensional, Anatomic landmarks, Structural models

CLC Number: 

  • R782.2

Figure 1

Construction process of three-dimensional mandibular template A, alignment reference data for size-normalization and alignment of 3D mandible data, showing 19 markers (yellow) required for the Procrustes analysis algorithm; B, 3D mandibular data of the remaining 29 patients except the alignment reference data; C, results after size-normalization and alignment of patients' 3D mandibular data; D, 3D average model of mandible based on 3D mandibular data of 30 patients; E, 3D mandibular structured template based on 3D mandibular average model."

Table 1

Distance error of 3D mandible landmarks determined by template-method"

Number Name of landmarks Abbreviations Distance error/mm, $\bar x \pm s$
1 Condylion (right) CoR 1.94±0.60
2 Condylion (left) CoL 2.24±0.97
3 Condyle lateral point (right) CLPR 0.77±0.50
4 Condyle lateral point (left) CLPL 0.96±0.38
5 Condyle medial point (right) CMPR 1.43±0.53
6 Condyle medial point (left) CMPL 1.37±0.44
7 Coronoid process (right) CPR 1.01±0.44
8 Coronoid process (left) CPL 0.56±0.14
9 Lowest point of the sigmoid notch (right) LPSNR 1.00±0.60
10 Lowest point of the sigmoid notch (left) LPSNL 0.75±0.37
11 Gonion (right) GoR 2.23±0.73
12 Gonion (left) GoL 1.82±1.17
13 Lowest anterior ramus (right) LARR 2.52±0.95
14 Lowest anterior ramus (left) LARL 2.57±1.10
15 Pogonion Pog 0.83±0.36
16 Menton Me 1.04±0.39
17 Gnathion Gn 0.84±0.32
18 Lower incisor LI 0.72±0.39
19 Supramental B 2.33±1.06

Figure 2

3D mandibular template and 19 anatomical landmarks"

Figure 3

The result of determining mandibular anatomical landmarks by template-method A, 3D mandible of a tested patient; B, 3D mandible template (grey) deformated and mapped to the tested 3D mandible data (blue); C, locations (yellow) of anatomical landmarks determined on the deformated 3D mandibular template."

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