Email Alert | RSS

Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (1): 178-184. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.01.027

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Association between weight-adjusted waist index and pain: A cross-sectional study

Huili LIU1, Bei WEN2, Xue BAI3, Ming'an CHEN3, Min LI1,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Department of Anesthe-siology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
    3. Department of Anesthesiology, Yan'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yan'an 716000, China
  • Received:2024-07-25 Online:2025-02-18 Published:2025-01-25
  • Contact: Min LI E-mail:liminanesth@bjmu.edu.cn

RICH HTML

   

PDF (PC)

Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the relationship between the weight-adjusted waist index (WWI) and acute, subacute pain or chronic pain among American adults. Methods: There was a cross-sectional study. Data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) concerning waist circumference, weight, pain status and covariates (age, gender, race, marital status, education level and income, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and diabetes) were extracted for analysis. Multinomial Logistic regression was conducted across the three models to investigate the associations between WWI and acute, subacute and chronic pain. Model 1 did not involve any adjustments. Model 2 involved adjustments for age, gender, race, marital status, education level, and income. Model 3 was further adjusted for physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and diabetes status. Results: This study involved 12 694 participants with an average age of (50.6±18.7) years. Among all the participants, 9 614 people (75.74%) had no pain, 870 people (6.85%) experienced acute pain, 354 people (2.79%) suffered from subacute pain, and 1 856 people (14.62%) experienced chronic pain. The WWI of all the participants was (10.95±0.85) cm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{kg}}$, divided into four groups based on quartiles: Group Q1 (7.90-10.36) cm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{kg}}$, group Q2 (10.37-10.94) cm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{kg}}$, group Q3 (10.95-11.53) cm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{kg}}$ and group Q4 (11.54-15.20) cm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{kg}}$. With the increase of WWI, the analysis revealed a significant statistical difference in the participants' acute and chronic pain status (all P < 0.001). In Model 1, the prevalence of acute pain was lower in group Q2 and group Q4 compared with group Q1 (group Q2: OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.615-0.953, P=0.017; group Q4: OR= 0.648, 95%CI: 0.503-0.835, P < 0.001). Compared with group Q1, the prevalence of chronic pain increased in group Q2, group Q3, and group Q4 (group Q2: OR =1.365, 95%CI: 1.149-1.622, P < 0.001; group Q3: OR=1.291, 95%CI: 1.082-1.541, P=0.005; group Q4: OR=1.874, 95%CI: 1.579-2.224, P < 0.001). In Model 2, compared with group Q1, an increase in chronic pain prevalence was still associated with an increase in WWI in other three groups (group Q2: OR=1.359, 95%CI: 1.137-1.624, P=0.001; group Q3: OR=1.260, 95%CI: 1.039-1.528, P=0.019; group Q4: OR=1.735, 95%CI: 1.413-2.132, P < 0.001). In Model 3, group Q4 had a 49.2% increased prevalence of chronic pain compared to group Q1 (OR = 1.492, 95%CI: 1.208-1.842, P < 0.001). However, in Models 2 and 3, no significant relationship was observed between acute pain and WWI (all P>0.05). And none of the three models identified a significant association between subacute pain and WWI (all P>0.05). Conclusion: For American adults, there was no significant correlation between WWI and acute pain or subacute pain. However, as WWI increases, so does the prevalence of chronic pain. Further validation of this conclusion through large-scale prospective studies is warranted.

Key words: Pain, Weight-adjusted waist index, Obesity, Cross-sectional study

CLC Number: 

  • R441.1

Table 1

Characteristics of participants of four groups with different pain status"

Items No pain
(n=9 614)		 Acute pain
(n=870)		 Subacute pain
(n=354)		 Chronic pain
(n=1 856)		 F/χ2 P
WWI/(cm/kg), ${\bar x}$±s 10.76±0.81 10.67±0.78 10.76±0.80 10.94±0.82 23.593 < 0.001
Age/years, n (%)         218.748 < 0.001
     < 40 3 206 (33.3) 369 (42.4) 110 (31.1) 437 (23.5)    
    40-59 2 791 (29.0) 320 (36.8) 148 (41.8) 727 (39.2)    
    ≥60 3 617 (37.7) 181 (20.8) 96 (27.1) 692 (37.3)    
Gender, n (%)         53.730 < 0.001
    Male 4 990 (51.9) 435 (50) 141 (39.8) 819 (44.1)    
    Female 4 624 (48.1) 435 (50) 213 (60.2) 1 037 (55.9)    
Race, n (%)         129.162 < 0.001
    Non-hispanic whites 4 619 (48.0) 498 (57.2) 195 (55.1) 1 110 (59.8)    
    Non-hispanic blacks 1 917 (19.9) 158 (18.2) 67 (18.9) 348 (18.8)    
    Mexican Americans 2 351 (24.5) 151 (17.4) 69 (19.5) 287 (15.4)    
    Other racial backgrounds 727 (7.6) 63 (7.2) 23 (6.5) 111 (6.0)    
Education level, n (%)         32.430 < 0.001
    Less than high school 1 917 (19.9) 163 (18.7) 67 (19.0) 427 (23.0)    
    High school 2 482 (25.9) 212 (24.4) 92 (25.9) 533 (28.7)    
    Above high school 5 195 (54.0) 495 (56.9) 195 (55.1) 895 (48.2)    
    Missing 20 (0.2) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)    
Marital status, n (%)         62.155 < 0.001
    Married or living with a partner 6 088 (63.3) 558 (64.1) 211 (59.6) 1 255 (67.6)    
    Widowed or divorced or separated 1 679 (17.5) 147 (16.9) 78 (22.1) 396 (21.3)    
    Never married 1 842 (19.2) 165 (19.0) 65 (18.3) 204 (11.0)    
    Missing 5 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)    
PIR, n (%)         48.824 < 0.001
    <1.0 1 251 (13.0) 108 (12.4) 59 (16.7) 312 (16.8)    
    1.0-2.9 3 500 (36.4) 298 (34.2) 126 (35.6) 721 (38.8)    
    ≥ 3.0 4 863 (50.6) 464 (53.4) 169 (47.7) 823 (44.4)    
Daily physical activity, n (%)         80.103 < 0.001
    Sedentary 2 260 (23.5) 199 (22.9) 96 (27.1) 575 (31.0)    
    Mild physical activity 5 236 (54.5) 426 (49.0) 169 (47.7) 910 (49.0)    
    Moderate physical activity 1 454 (15.1) 167 (19.2) 54 (15.3) 257 (13.8)    
    Severe physical activity 655 (6.8) 77 (8.8) 35 (9.9) 109 (5.9)    
    Missing 9 (0.1) 1 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 5 (0.3)    
Smoking, n (%)         112.445 < 0.001
    Never smokers 5 052 (52.6) 419 (48.2) 173 (48.8) 753 (40.5)    
    Former smokers 2 009 (20.9) 217 (24.9) 93 (26.3) 557 (30.0)    
    Current smokers 2 539 (26.4) 234 (26.9) 88 (24.9) 545 (29.4)    
    Missing 14 (0.1) 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.1)    
Alcoholic drinks per day, n (%)         28.080 < 0.001
    No 1 710 (17.8) 148 (17.0) 67 (18.9) 489 (26.4)    
    1-2 glasses 2 685 (27.9) 224 (25.7) 85 (24.1) 488 (26.3)    
    > 2 glasses 5 219 (54.3) 498 (57.3) 202 (57.0) 879 (47.3)    
Diabetes, n (%)         65.809 < 0.001
    No 8 580 (89.2) 794 (91.2) 296 (83.6) 1 561 (84.1)    
    Yes 901 (9.4) 71 (8.2) 48 (13.6) 261 (14.1)    
    Borderline 130 (1.4) 5 (0.6) 9 (2.5) 34 (1.8)    
    Missing 3 (0.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.3) 0 (0.0)    

Table 2

Multinomial Logistic analysis on the associations between weight-adjusted waist index and pain"

Type of pain Model Weight-adjusted waist index/(cm/$\sqrt{\mathrm{kg}}$)(Q1 group as reference)
Q2   Q3   Q4
OR(95%CI) P OR(95%CI) P OR(95%CI) P
Acute painModel 1 0.765 (0.615-0.953) 0.017   0.880 (0.708-1.093) 0.248   0.648 (0.503-0.835) 0.001
Model 2 0.873 (0.696-1.097) 0.244 1.153 (0.910-1.460) 0.239 0.974 (0.722-1.314) 0.864
Model 3 0.875 (0.697-1.099) 0.250 1.150 (0.906-1.459) 0.250 0.949 (0.705-1.277) 0.729
Subacute painModel 1 1.098 (0.775-1.557) 0.598 1.009 (0.710-1.433) 0.961 1.006 (0.679-1.491) 0.975
Model 2 1.184 (0.824-1.702) 0.361 1.121 (0.763-1.645) 0.561 1.072 (0.664-1.730) 0.776
Model 3 1.177 (0.818-1.692) 0.380 1.062 (0.722-1.562) 0.760 0.936 (0.567-1.544) 0.795
Chronic painModel 1 1.365 (1.149-1.622) < 0.001 1.291 (1.082-1.541) 0.005 1.874 (1.579-2.224) < 0.001
Model 2 1.359 (1.137-1.624) 0.001 1.260 (1.039-1.528) 0.019 1.735 (1.413-2.132) < 0.001
Model 3 1.324 (1.106-1.585) 0.002 1.186 (0.977-1.439) 0.085 1.492 (1.208-1.842) < 0.001

Table 3

Multinomial Logistic analysis on the associations between weight-adjusted waist index and chronic pain"

Variable Weight-adjusted waist index as the main variable
OR(95%CI ) P
Gender/(male as reference)
    Female 1.430 (1.251-1.636) < 0.001
Age/(< 40 years as reference)
    40-59 1.468 (1.238-1.742) < 0.001
    ≥60 0.920 (0.750-1.128) 0.421
Race/(non-hispanic whites as reference)
    Non-hispanic blacks 0.768 (0.658-0.897) 0.001
    Mexican Americans 0.412 (0.337-0.503) < 0.001
    Other racial backgrounds 0.709 (0.553-0.908) 0.007
Education level/(less than high school as reference)
    High school 0.916 (0.766-1.095) 0.335
    Above high school 0.858 (0.720-1.022) 0.088
Marital status/(married or living with a partner as reference)
    Widowed or divorced or separated 0.960 (0.818-1.126) 0.616
    Never married 0.583 (0.473-0.718) < 0.001
PIR/(< 1.0 as reference)
    1.0-2.9 0.774 (0.645-0.929) 0.006
    ≥ 3.0 0.607 (0.496-0.744) < 0.001
Daily physical activity/(sedentary as reference)
    Mild physical activity 0.805 (0.695 -.932) 0.004
    Moderate physical activity 0.833 (0.683-1.015) 0.069
    Severe physical activity 0.954 (0.723-1.258) 0.738
Smoking/(never smokers as reference)
    Former smokers 1.887 (1.602-2.222) < 0.001
    Current smokers 1.364 (1.158-1.607) < 0.001
Alcoholic drinks per day/(no drinking as reference)
    1-2 glasses 0.744 (0.628-0.881) 0.001
    > 2 glasses 0.708 (0.577-0.870) 0.001
Diabetes/(no diabetes as reference)
    Yes 1.591 (1.299-1.948) < 0.001
    Borderline 1.056 (0.647-1.724) 0.827
WWI/(Q1 group as reference)
    Q2 1.324 (1.106-1.585) 0.002
    Q3 1.186 (0.977-1.439) 0.085
    Q4 1.492 (1.208-1.842) < 0.001
1 Flor H , Noguchi K , Treede RD , et al. The role of evolving concepts and new technologies and approaches in advancing pain research, management, and education since the establishment of the International Association for the Study of Pain[J]. Pain, 2023, 164 (S11): S16- S21.
2 Nahin RL . Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012[J]. J Pain, 2015, 16 (8): 769- 780.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.05.002
3 闻蓓, 朱贺, 许力, 等. 日常咖啡摄入与疼痛的关系: 基于NHANES数据库的大样本横断面研究[J]. 协和医学杂志, 2024, 15 (2): 351- 358.
4 McVinnie DS . Obesity and pain[J]. Br J Pain, 2013, 7 (4): 163- 170.
doi: 10.1177/2049463713484296
5 Kivimäki M , Strandberg T , Pentti J , et al. Body-mass index and risk of obesity-related complex multimorbidity: An observational multicohort study[J]. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol, 2022, 10 (4): 253- 263.
doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00033-X
6 Walsh TP , Arnold JB , Evans AM , et al. The association between body fat and musculoskeletal pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2018, 19 (1): 233.
doi: 10.1186/s12891-018-2137-0
7 Park Y , Kim NH , Kwon TY , et al. A novel adiposity index as an integrated predictor of cardiometabolic disease morbidity and mortality[J]. Sci Rep, 2018, 8 (1): 16753.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35073-4
8 Ray L , Lipton RB , Zimmerman ME , et al. Mechanisms of association between obesity and chronic pain in the elderly[J]. Pain, 2011, 152 (1): 53- 59.
doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.043
9 Kim JY , Choi J , Vella CA , et al. Associations between weight-adjusted waist index and abdominal fat and muscle mass: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis[J]. Diabetes Metab J, 2022, 46 (5): 747- 755.
doi: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0294
10 Shen Y , Wu Y , Luo P , et al. Association between weight-adjusted-waist index and depression in US adults: A cross-sectional study[J]. J Affect Disord, 2024, 355 (15): 299- 307.
11 Huang XT , Lv X , Jiang H . The weight-adjusted-waist index and cognitive impairment among U.S. older adults: A population-based study[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14 (8): 1276212.
12 Liu Y , Liu X , Zhang S , et al. Association of anthropometric indices with the development of diabetes among hypertensive patients in China: A cohort study[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2021, 12 (5): 736077.
13 Wang W , Lu X , Li Q , et al. The relationship between blood lead level and chronic pain in us adults: A nationwide cross-sectional study[J]. Pain Ther, 2023, 12 (5): 1195- 1208.
doi: 10.1007/s40122-023-00535-9
14 Garcia MM , Corrales P , Huerta MÁ , et al. Adults with excess weight or obesity, but not with overweight, report greater pain intensities than individuals with normal weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2024, 15 (6): 1340465.
15 Basem JI , White RS , Chen SA , et al. The effect of obesity on pain severity and pain interference[J]. Pain Manag, 2021, 11 (5): 571- 581.
doi: 10.2217/pmt-2020-0089
16 Das UN . Is obesity an inflammatory condition?[J]. Nutrition, 2001, 17 (11/12): 953- 966.
17 Nijs J , van Houdenhove B , Oostendorp RAB . Recognition of central sensitization in patients with musculoskeletal pain: Application of pain neurophysiology in manual therapy practice[J]. Man Ther, 2010, 15 (2): 135- 141.
doi: 10.1016/j.math.2009.12.001
18 Okifuji A , Hare BD . The association between chronic pain and obesity[J]. J Pain Res, 2015, 8 (6): 399- 408.
19 Nijs J , Malfliet A , Roose E , et al. Personalized multimodal life-style intervention as the best-evidenced treatment for chronic pain: State-of-the-art clinical perspective[J]. J Clin Med, 2024, 13 (3): 644.
doi: 10.3390/jcm13030644
20 Liu J , Wong SSC . Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological pathways of high-fat diets and caloric restriction dietary patterns on pain[J]. Anesth Analg, 2023, 137 (1): 137- 152.
21 Wasser JG , Vasilopoulos T , Zdziarski LA , et al. Exercise benefits for chronic low back pain in overweight and obese individuals[J]. PM R, 2017, 9 (2): 181- 192.
doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.06.019
22 Stefanova I , Currie AC , Newton RC , et al. A meta-analysis of the impact of bariatric surgery on back pain[J]. Obes Surg, 2020, 30 (8): 3201- 3207.
doi: 10.1007/s11695-020-04713-y
23 Ross R , Neeland IJ , Yamashita S , et al. Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: A consensus statement from the IAS and ICCR working group on visceral obesity[J]. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2020, 16 (3): 177- 189.
doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
24 Janssen I , Katzmarzyk PT , Ross R . Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2004, 79 (3): 379- 384.
doi: 10.1093/ajcn/79.3.379
25 Kristoffersen ES , Børte S , Hagen K , et al. Migraine, obesity and body fat distribution: A population-based study[J]. J Headache Pain, 2020, 21 (1): 97.
doi: 10.1186/s10194-020-01163-w
26 Panagiotakos DB , Pitsavos C , Yannakoulia M , et al. The implication of obesity and central fat on markers of chronic inflammation: The ATTICA study[J]. Atherosclerosis, 2005, 183 (2): 308- 315.
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.03.010
27 Kim KJ , Son S , Kim KJ , et al. Weight-adjusted waist as an integrated index for fat, muscle and bone health in adults[J]. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle, 2023, 14 (5): 2196- 2203.
doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13302
28 Ray L , Lipton RB , Zimmerman ME , et al. Mechanisms of association between obesity and chronic pain in the elderly[J]. Pain, 2011, 152 (1): 53- 59.
doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.08.043
29 Park MJ , Hwang SY , Kim NH , et al. A novel anthropometric parameter, weight-adjusted waist index represents sarcopenic obesity in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus[J]. J Obes Metab Syndr, 2023, 32 (2): 130- 140.
doi: 10.7570/jomes23005
30 Liu H , Zhi J , Zhang C , et al. Association between weight-adjusted waist index and depressive symptoms: A nationally representative cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005 to 2018[J]. J Affect Disord, 2024, 350, 49- 57.
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.01.104
31 Li J , Sun J , Zhang Y , et al. Association between weight-adjusted-waist index and cognitive decline in US elderly participants[J]. Front Nutr, 2024, 11 (6): 1390282.
32 Wright LJ , Schur E , Noonan C , et al. Chronic pain, overweight, and obesity: Findings from a community-based twin registry[J]. J Pain, 2010, 11 (7): 628- 635.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.10.004
33 Mills SEE , Nicolson KP , Smith BH . Chronic pain: A review of its epidemiology and associated factors in population-based studies[J]. Br J Anaesth, 2019, 123 (2): e273- e283.
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.03.023
34 Kaplan CM , Kelleher E , Irani A , et al. Deciphering nociplastic pain: Clinical features, risk factors and potential mechanisms[J]. Nat Rev Neurol, 2024, 20 (6): 347- 363.
[1] Meijuan LONG, Yidan WANG, Shiya WU, Zihao LI, Yanting LI, Yang LI, Juan JIAO. Effects of overweight and obesity on symptoms, overall condition and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(6): 1001-1008.
[2] Jiayu ZHAI, Jinxia ZHAO, Zhuo AN, Rui LIU. Assessment of residual symptoms in patients with axial spondyloarthritis with low disease activity and analysis of its related factors [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(6): 987-993.
[3] Hanwei KE, Qi WANG, Kexin XU. Optimization study of an animal model for interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome based on the dose effect of cyclophosphamide [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(5): 908-912.
[4] Hailong HE,Qing LI,Tao XU,Xiaowei ZHANG. Construction of a predictive model for postoperative pain relief after microscopic spermatic cord surgery for spermatic cord pain [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(4): 646-655.
[5] Qingxin ZHOU,Qingqing YANG,Shuyuan SHI,Pei LI,Feng SUN. Association between serum uric acid and airflow obstruction based on the health-checkup population [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(4): 693-699.
[6] Jing CHEN,Rui SHAN,Wucai XIAO,Xiaorui ZHANG,Zheng LIU. Association between self-control and co-occurrence of depressive symptoms and overweight or obesity during adolescence and early adulthood: A ten-year prospective cohort study based on national surveys [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(3): 397-402.
[7] Silan AN,Qunyi ZHENG,Kai WANG,Shan GAO. Characteristics and influencing factors of early pain in patients after total knee arthroplasty [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(1): 167-173.
[8] Chu-yun CHEN,Peng-fei SUN,Jing ZHAO,Jia JIA,Fang-fang FAN,Chun-yan WANG,Jian-ping LI,Yi-meng JIANG,Yong HUO,Yan ZHANG. Related factors of endogenous erythropoietin and its association with 10-year risks of cardiovascular disease in a community-based Chinese study [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(6): 1068-1073.
[9] Hui-li LIU,Yan-han LV,Xiao-xiao WANG,Min LI. Factors influencing the chronic post-surgical pain after laparoscopic surgery for elderly patients with urinary tract tumors [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(5): 851-856.
[10] Chun-su ZHU,Zhi-wei LIAN,Yi-min CUI. Association between depression and chronic diseases among middle-aged and older Chinese adults [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(4): 606-611.
[11] Ci TIAN,Yi BAI,Qing-bian MA,Hong-xia GE. Clinical characteristics of 7 cases of hepatic portal venous gas [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(4): 743-747.
[12] Jia-jia DANG,Shan CAI,Pan-liang ZHONG,Ya-qi WANG,Yun-fei LIU,Di SHI,Zi-yue CHEN,Yi-hang ZHANG,Pei-jin HU,Jing LI,Jun MA,Yi SONG. Association of outdoor artificial light at night exposure with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years in China [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(3): 421-428.
[13] Jing CHEN,Wu-cai XIAO,Rui SHAN,Jie-yun SONG,Zheng LIU. Influence of rs2587552 polymorphism of DRD2 gene on the effect of a childhood obesity intervention: A prospective, parallel-group controlled trial [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(3): 436-441.
[14] Zhan-peng SHANG,Yang YI,Rong YU,Jing-jing FAN,Yu-xi HUANG,Xue QIAO,Min YE. Bioactive compounds of Jingfang Granules against SARS-CoV-2 virus proteases 3CLpro and PLpro [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2022, 54(5): 907-919.
[15] Tao MA,Yan-hui LI,Man-man CHEN,Ying MA,Di GAO,Li CHEN,Qi MA,Yi ZHANG,Jie-yu LIU,Xin-xin WANG,Yan-hui DONG,Jun MA. Associations between early onset of puberty and obesity types in children: Based on both the cross-sectional study and cohort study [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2022, 54(5): 961-970.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright © Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd