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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (3): 481-486. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.03.011

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Influencing factors of responsive caregiving among infant mothers in Weifang City

Ziyuan FU1, Fei YANG1, Mo ZHOU1, Xinxuan LI1, Ruoning WANG1, Ningxuan CUI1, Jing HUANG1, Yixin ZHANG1, Huafang JIANG2, Yuhua GUO2, Hong ZHOU1,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Maternal and Child Health, Peking University School of Public Health / Peking University Health Science Center-Weifang Joint Research Center for Maternal and Child Health / National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Weifang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weifang 261000, Shandong, China
  • Received:2025-02-08 Online:2025-06-18 Published:2025-06-13
  • Contact: Hong ZHOU
  • Supported by:
    Key Project of Peking University Health Science Center-Weifang Joint Research Center for Maternal and Child Health

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Abstract:

Objective: To describe the current status of responsive caregiving behavior of infant mothers, to analyze their influencing factors and pathways using the information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model, and to provide a basis for further interventions related to responsive caregiving behaviors and comprehensive promotion of early childhood development. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling. Questionnaires were used to collect basic information about mothers and their infants, as well as data on mothers' responsive caregiving behavior, knowledge of responsive caregiving, social support, and parenting self-efficacy. Multivariate linear regression models were employed to analyze the influencing factors of responsive caregiving behavior, and structural equation modeling was used to analyze the pathways of these influencing factors. The criterion for inadequate responsive caregiving is defined as scores not exceeding the lower quartile (P25) of the total score. Results: Among 510 mothers of aged 0-12 months infants in Weifang City, the average score for responsive caregiving behavior was 16.41±3.99. The proportion of inadequate responsive caregiving was 25.7%. Mothers in the insufficient responsive caregiving group had lower scores in knowledge (7.70±1.41), social support (57.92±15.16), and parenting self-efficacy (30.36±6.48) compared with those in the sufficient group, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the influencing factors for responsive caregiving included the level of know-ledge about responsive parenting [adjusted OR (aOR)=0.795, 95%CI: 0.566-0.838], social support (aOR=0.979, 95%CI: 0.961-0.996), and parenting self-efficacy (aOR=0.894, 95%CI: 0.857-0.932). Structural equation modeling revealed that knowledge of responsive caregiving (β=0.089, P=0.031), social support (β=0.153, P=0.001), and parenting self-efficacy (β=0.296, P < 0.001) were directly related to responsive caregiving behavior. Additionally, knowledge of responsive caregiving indirectly affected responsive caregiving behavior through parenting self-efficacy (β=0.095, P=0.014), and social support indirectly affected responsive caregiving behavior through parenting self-efficacy (β=0.497, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The current level of responsive caregiving behavior among mothers of 0-1-year-old infants in Weifang City is not satisfactory. Future development of responsive caregiving interventions should focus on providing caregivers with relevant knowledge of responsive caregiving based on their needs. Additionally, it is essential to offer social support from multiple aspects to enhance caregivers' parenting self-efficacy, thereby promoting improvements in responsive caregiving behavior.

Key words: Responsive caregiving, Knowledge, Social support, Parenting self-efficacy

CLC Number: 

  • R174

Table 1

Responsive caregiving of investigated infant mothers"

Characteristics Total Inadequate responsive caregiving, n(%) χ2 P
Maternal age 2.752 0.253
  ＜30 years 226 50 (22.1)
  30-34 years 174 50 (28.7)
  ≥35 years 102 29 (28.4)
Maternal education level 4.117 0.128
  High school or below 38 15 (39.5)
  Junior college/Undergraduate 389 95 (24.4)
  Graduate or above 83 21 (25.3)
Age of child 4.322 0.229
  0-3 months 199 55 (27.6)
  4-6 months 140 29 (20.7)
  7-9 months 94 22 (23.4)
  10-12 months 77 25 (32.5)
Gender of child 1.181 0.277
  Male 270 64 (23.7)
  Female 240 67 (27.9)
Total income of household 5.730 0.057
  Low 206 64 (31.1)
  Middle 202 46 (22.8)
  High 100 20 (20.0)

Figure 1

Influencing factor scores in groups with inadequate and adequate responsive caregiving"

Table 2

Logistics regression of factors influencing inadequate responsive caregiving of infant mothers"

Characteristics Crude OR (95%CI) Adjusted OR (95%CI)
Maternal education level
  High school or below 0.954 (0.552-1.647) 0.832 (0.456-1.517)
  Junior college/Undergraduate 1.925 (0.850-4.360) 1.351 (0.526-3.469)
  Graduate or above 1.00 1.00
Total income of household
  Low 1.179 (0.654-2.128) 1.063 (0.552-2.047)
  Middle 1.803 (1.018-3.194) 1.577 (0.832-2.990)
  High 1.00 1.00
Responsive cargiving knowledge 0.689 (0.566-0.838) 0.795 (0.639-0.988)
Social support 0.953 (0.938-0.967) 0.979 (0.961-0.996)
Parenting self-efficacy 0.871 (0.839-0.904) 0.894 (0.857-0.932)

Figure 2

Path analysis of influencing factors on responsive caregiving among mothers of aged 0-12 months infants in Weifang City"

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