2022年内蒙古自治区中小学生近视分布的特征

doi:10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.03.011

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the distribution characteristics of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2020, and to comprehensively analyze its influencing factors at both school and individual levels, thereby providing scientific evidence for developing targeted myopia prevention and control strategies. Methods: A multistage stratified random cluster sampling method was employed to conduct vision examinations and questionnaire surveys among students from fourth grade to senior high school in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, collecting information on students' visual habits, school and family environmental factors. A multilevel regression model was used to analyze the factors influencing myopia detection rates at both school and individual levels. Results: A total of 130 601 students were included, with a myopia prevalence rate of 68.42%. The prevalence was higher among females (72.75%) than males (64.13%), in urban areas (73.63%) than in suburban counties (66.38%), and overall rates increased with educational level (trend test χ²=4 545.53, P < 0.001). Multilevel analysis revealed that at the individual level, female gender (OR=1.553), higher grade level (junior high OR=2.049, senior high OR=3.061), homework duration ≥1 h after school (≥1 h OR=1.050, ≥2 h OR=1.079), poor close-up vision habits (OR=1.059), prolonged close-up vision activities (0.5 h OR=1.070, ≥1 h OR=1.061), infrequent desk/chair height adjustments based on height (OR=1.006), and parental myopia (one parent OR=1.822, both parents OR=2.412) were risk factors for myopia; while ethnic minority status (Mongolian OR=0.956, other ethnicities OR=0.929), daily outdoor activity exceeding 2 hours (OR=0.986), performing eye exercises (1 session OR=0.891, ≥2 sessions OR=0.920), and adequate sleep (OR=0.925) served as protective factors. At the school level, qualified blackboard reflectance ratio (OR=0.874) and qualified blackboard surface illuminance uniformity (OR=0.973) were associated with reduced myopia risk among students. The model indicated that the included variables collectively explained approximately 31.04% of the variance at the school level. Conclusion: The prevalence of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region remains high, with influencing factors distributed across multiple levels including individual and school contexts. Comprehensive prevention strategies are recommended, focusing on female students, older grades, and those with genetic predispositions while intensifying interventions on modifiable factors like outdoor activities and visual habits. Improving classroom lighting environments is also crucial to reduce students' myopia risk.

Key words: Primary and secondary school students, Myopia, Influencing factors, Multilevel model

CLC Number:

R179

Lili LU, Jiaxing LI, Tianyu HUANG, Ruolan YANG, Yunfei LIU, Jiajia DANG, Shan CAI, Ziyue SUN, Meizhu LIU, Yang YANG, Kaiheng ZHU, Yi SONG. Analysis of the prevalence and influencing factors of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2022[J].Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2026, 58(3): 520-527.

Figures/Tables 4

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Myopia prevalence rates among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region by characteristics, 2022"

Variable	Number examined	Number of myopia cases, n (%)	χ²	P
Individual level
Gender			1 122.48	＜0.001
Male	65 570	42 052 (64.13)
Female	65 031	47 311 (72.75)
Grade level			4 545.53	＜0.001
Primary school	50 308	29 104 (57.85)
Middle school	50 600	36 852 (72.83)
High school	29 693	23 407 (78.83)
Ethnicity			973.05	＜0.001
Han	90 469	64 284 (71.06)
Mongolian	33 676	20 860 (61.94)
Other	6 456	4 219 (65.35)
Homework duration after school /h			962.66	＜0.001
＜1	32 943	20 610 (62.56)
≥1-＜2	50 295	34 111 (67.82)
≥2	47 363	34 642 (73.14)
Daily outdoor activity time /h			16.70	＜0.001
＜2	84 567	58 217 (68.84)
≥2	46 034	31 146 (67.66)
Near-vision habits			359.15	＜0.001
Good	100 453	67 393 (67.09)
Poor	30 148	21 970 (72.87)
Rest interval after near work /h			276.83	＜0.001
＜0.5	61 387	40 629 (66.19)
≥0.5-＜1	31 684	22 137 (69.87)
≥1	37 530	26 597 (70.87)
Daily eye exercises frequency			879.63	＜0.001
0 times	15 439	12 095 (78.34)
1 time	32 165	22 225 (69.10)
≥2 times	82 997	55 043 (66.32)
Desk/chair height adjustment cycle			403.22	＜0.001
≤1 semester	35 874	23 041 (64.23)
>1 semester	94 727	66 322 (70.01)
Sleep adequacy			197.67	＜0.001
Adequate	26 171	16 962 (64.81)
Inadequate	104 430	72 401 (69.33)
Parental myopia			2127.23	＜0.001
Neither	84 309	54 038 (64.10)
One parent	35 703	26 909 (75.68)
Both parents	10 589	8 416 (79.48)
School level
Urban-rural			642.74	＜0.001
Urban	36 790	27 089 (73.63)
Suburban	93 811	62 274 (66.38)
Blackboard reflectance ratio			165.68	＜0.001
Qualified	71 023	47 592 (67.01)
Unqualified	59 334	41 732 (70.33)
Blackboard illuminance uniformity			26.12	＜0.001
Qualified	103 559	70 615 (68.19)
Unqualified	26 798	18 709 (69.81)
Desk surface illuminance uniformity			0.59	0.441
Qualified	92 480	63 311 (68.46)
Unqualified	37 877	26 013 (68.68)

Table 3

Table 4

Multilevel Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with myopia among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2022"

Variable	OR (95%CI)
Variable	Total	Male	Female
Individual level
Gender (ref: Male)
Female	1.553 (1.547-1.558)
Grade level (ref: Primary school)
Middle school	2.094 (2.088-2.101)	1.948 (1.946-1.950)	2.299 (2.297-2.300)
High school	3.061 (3.058-3.063)	2.869 (2.852-2.887)	3.281 (3.264-3.299)
Ethnicity (ref: Han)
Mongolian	0.956 (0.955-0.956)	0.925 (0.922-0.929)	0.936 (0.935-0.938)
Other	0.929 (0.926-0.931)	0.908 (0.905-0.910)	0.946 (0.946-0.946)
Homework duration after school /h (ref: ＜1)
≥1-＜2	1.050 (1.047-1.052)	1.053 (1.050-1.057)	1.043 (1.040-1.047)
≥2	1.079 (1.077-1.082)	1.100 (1.096-1.103)	1.053 (1.049-1.057)
Daily outdoor activity time /h (ref: ＜2)
≥2	0.986 (0.985-0.987)	0.973 (0.971-0.975)	1.010 (1.006-1.014)
Near-vision habits(ref: Good)
Poor	1.059 (1.058-1.060)	1.040 (1.038-1.043)	1.079 (1.079-1.079)
Rest interval after near work /h (ref: ＜0.5)
≥0.5-＜1	1.070 (1.069-1.070)	1.069 (1.069-1.069)	1.069 (1.069-1.070)
≥1	1.061 (1.060-1.062)	1.054 (1.053-1.055)	1.071 (1.068-1.074)
Daily eye exercises frequency (ref: 0 times)
1 time	0.891 (0.888-0.895)	0.908 (0.907-0.909)	0.863 (0.854-0.871)
≥2 times	0.920 (0.916-0.923)	0.931 (0.929-0.933)	0.899 (0.895-0.904)
Desk/chair height adjustment cycle (ref: ≤1 semester)
＞1 semester	1.006 (1.004-1.007)	1.022 (1.021-1.022)	0.993 (0.990-0.996)
Sleep adequacy (ref: Inadequate)
Adequate	0.925 (0.923-0.926)	0.931 (0.930-0.931)	0.918 (0.915-0.921)
Parental myopia (ref: Neither)
One parent	1.822 (1.820-1.824)	1.858 (1.853-1.864)	1.781 (1.771-1.792)
Both parents	2.412 (2.386-2.437)	2.483 (2.466-2.500)	2.336 (2.301-2.372)
School level
Urban-rural (ref: Urban)
Suburban	0.850 (0.847-0.854)	0.819 (0.816-0.823)	0.909 (0.907-0.911)
Blackboard reflectance ratio(ref: Unqualified)
Qualified	0.874 (0.872-0.876)	0.882 (0.880-0.884)	0.866 (0.866-0.867)
Blackboard illuminance uniformity(ref: Unqualified)
Qualified	0.973 (0.969-0.977)	0.981 (0.975-0.988)	0.981 (0.980-0.981)

Table 4

References 33

1	Holden BA , Fricke TR , Wilson DA , et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050[J]. Ophthalmology, 2016, 123 (5): 1036- 1042. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.01.006
2	Baird PN , Saw SM , Lanca C , et al. Myopia[J]. Nat Rev Dis Primers, 2020, 6 (1): 99. doi: 10.1038/s41572-020-00231-4
3	戚紫怡, 陈军, 何鲜桂. 我国儿童青少年高度近视眼流行病学现状[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2023, 59 (2): 138- 145.
4	钟盼亮, 马宁, 刘云飞, 等. 2010—2019年中国汉族9~18岁学生校内体育活动时间趋势分析[J]. 中国预防医学杂志, 2023, 24 (1): 36- 43.
5	李国峰, 张晨光, 张秀红, 等. 2020年内蒙古自治区学生近视流行现状及相关影响因素分析[J]. 中国健康教育, 2022, 38 (5): 408- 413.
6	杨帆, 常利涛, 黄达峰, 等. 2021年云南省儿童青少年近视状况及影响因素分析[J]. 实用预防医学, 2025, 32 (8): 954- 958.
7	张芮, 沈丽琴, 李鸣, 等. 青少年近视发展的相关风险因素分析[J]. 现代预防医学, 2024, 51 (1): 65- 70.
8	Xing Y , Ma Q , Cui M , et al. Overview and methods for Chinese national surveillance on students' common diseases and risk factors, 2022[J]. Future, 2025, 3 (2): 12. doi: 10.3390/future3020012
9	中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会. 中小学生屈光不正筛查规范: WS/T 663—2020[S]. 北京: 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会, 2020.
10	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 照明测量方法: GB/T 5700—2008[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2008.
11	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 采光测量方法: GB/T 5699—2017[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2017.
12	赵菊芳, 高昇, 范耀春, 等. 内蒙古自治区541所中小学校教室环境卫生调查[J]. 中国健康教育, 2023, 39 (5): 451-453, 473.
13	中华人民共和国卫生部, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 中小学校教室采光和照明卫生标准: GB 7793—2010[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2011.
14	国家疾病预防控制局. 国家疾控局积极推进儿童青少年近视防控近视率呈下降趋势[EB/OL]. (2024-03-13)[2024-04-10]. https://www.ndcpa.gov.cn/jbkzzx/c100008/common/content/content_1764617954927783936.html.
15	Xu R , Zhong P , Jan C , et al. Sex disparity in myopia explained by puberty among Chinese adolescents from 1995 to 2014: A nationwide cross-sectional study[J]. Front Public Health, 2022, 10, 833960.
16	Chen ST , Liu Y , Hong JT , et al. Co-existence of physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents in Shanghai, China: Do gender and age matter?[J]. BMC Public Health, 2018, 18 (1): 1287. doi: 10.1186/s12889-018-6167-1
17	李国峰, 张秀红, 杨田, 等. 2019—2021年内蒙古自治区中小学生视力不良状况及影响因素分析[J]. 中国健康教育, 2024, 40 (4): 291-296, 325.
18	李宁, 杨磊, 卜倩, 等. 2019—2023年乌鲁木齐市儿童青少年筛查性近视调查分析[J]. 中国斜视与小儿眼科杂志, 2024, 32 (4): 27-33, 70.
19	高云仙, 李小龙, 马晓玲, 等. 乌鲁木齐市中小学生近视与眼部生物学参数调查分析[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2023, 23 (3): 471- 476.
20	格鹏飞, 司宏宗, 任晓岚, 等. 民族与学生近视关系研究[J]. 眼科新进展, 2007, 27 (10): 767- 768.
21	肖淑娟, 罗米扬, 黄智航, 等. 2022年湖南省中小学生近视检出率及影响因素分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2025, 46 (6): 1014- 1022.
22	庞亚铮, 王凯, 黄田, 等. 眼保健操干预儿童青少年近视的有效性及安全性的研究进展[J]. 中国中医眼科杂志, 2022, 32 (10): 831-833, 840.
23	陈帅. 中学生近视眼预防的干预效果评价[J]. 疾病预防与控制, 2025, 1 (4): 19- 22.
24	宋逸, 胡佩瑾, 董彦会, 等. 2014年全国各省、自治区、直辖市汉族学生视力不良现况分析[J]. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2017, 49 (3): 433- 438. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1671-167X.2017.03.010
25	罗文娟, 姚瑞, 张鑫, 等. 儿童青少年睡眠状况及其与视力关系的研究进展[J]. 公共卫生与预防医学, 2025, 36 (1): 135- 139.
26	Zhao X , He Y , Zhang J , et al. Effects of insufficient sleep on myopia in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Nat Sci Sleep, 2024, 16, 1387- 1406.
27	You X , Wang L , Tan H , et al. Near work related behaviors associated with myopic shifts among primary school students in the Jiading district of Shanghai: A school-based one-year cohort study[J]. PLoS One, 2016, 11 (5): e0154671. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154671
28	马鑫悦, 张秀红, 宋逸, 等. 内蒙古地区2019—2022年中小学生脊柱侧弯与近视共患流行趋势及相关因素分析[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2023, 44 (9): 1289- 1293.
29	张锡彦, 周永林, 张凤云, 等. 教室环境与学生近视的关联研究[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2023, 44 (4): 598- 606.
30	文雅婷, 万琴, 许艳菊, 等. 2019—2023年重庆市巴南区中小学校教室环境卫生与学生筛查性近视检测结果分析[J]. 中国初级卫生保健, 2025, 39 (1): 97-99, 105.
31	李敏敏, 赵静珺, 王妍昕, 等. 陕西省中小学校教室环境与学生筛查性近视的关联[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2024, 45 (10): 1492- 1496.
32	刘益帆, 贾智艳, 刘平. 青少年近视危险因素综述[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2016, 16 (7): 1276- 1278.
33	张依航, 袁雯, 党佳佳, 等. 内蒙古地区2021年中小学生近视与肥胖共患现状及生活方式的调节作用[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2023, 44 (9): 1299- 1303.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

Comments

Recommended 0

No Suggested Reading articles found!

Items	Total (n=130 601)		Male (n=65 570)		Female (n=65 031)		χ²	P
Items	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ²	P
Urban and Rural							0.018	0.893
Urban	36 790	28.17	18 460	50.18	18 330	49.82
Suburban	93 811	71.83	47 110	50.22	46 701	49.78
Grade level							84.583	＜0.001
Primary school	50 308	38.52	25 810	51.30	24 498	48.70
Middle School	50 600	38.74	25 516	50.43	25 084	49.57
High School	29 693	22.74	14 244	47.97	15 449	52.03
Ethnicity							2.506	0.286
Han	90 469	69.27	45 552	50.35	44 917	49.65
Mongolian	33 676	25.79	16 790	49.86	16 886	50.14
Other	6 456	4.94	3 228	50.00	3 228	50.00

Category	Total (n=89 363)		Male (n=42 052)		Female (n=47 311)		χ²	P
Category	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ²	P
Urban-rural							642.74	＜0.001
Urban	27 089	73.63	13 002	70.43	14 087	76.85
Suburban	62 274	66.38	29 050	61.66	33 224	71.14
Grade level							1 122.47	＜0.001
Primary school	29 104	57.85	13 913	53.91	15 191	62.01
Middle school	36 852	72.83	17 401	68.20	19 451	77.54
High school	23 407	78.83	10 738	75.39	12 669	82.01
Ethnicity							973.05	＜0.001
Han	64 284	71.06	30 574	67.12	33 710	75.05
Mongolian	20 860	61.94	9 510	56.64	11 350	67.22
Other	4 219	65.35	1 968	60.97	2 251	69.73

[1]	Mingjia YANG, Jiangxue WU, Jing WANG, Yang LIU, Zhongmin LI, Jingjing LI, Hongtian LI, Yubo ZHOU, Jianmeng LIU. A population-based survey of myopia on primary school students in an administrative district, 2019 to 2024 [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2026, 58(3): 513-519.
[2]	Mengli TANG, Yang LIU, Ran QIN, Xin GUO, Hongtian LI. Epidemiological characteristics of myopia and pre-myopia among preschool children aged 5-6 years in ten provinces of China [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(3): 442-447.
[3]	Yihang ZHANG, Shan CAI, Ziyue CHEN, Yunfei LIU, Jiajia DANG, Di SHI, Jiaxin LI, Tianyu HUANG, Yi SONG. Establishment of outcome indicators for the implementation of comprehensive intervention for multimorbidity of myopia and obesity among children and adolescents based on the RE-AIM framework [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(3): 436-441.
[4]	Min WANG, Qian LI. Path analysis of influencing factors of mental resilience in adolescents with depression [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(5): 809-814.
[5]	Chengyue LI, Hao WANG, ALIMUJIANG·Yimiti·tarken. Secular trend in growth of Uygur primary and middle school students aged 7-18 years in Xinjiang from 1985 to 2019 [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(5): 802-808.
[6]	Yuanyuan ZENG,Yun XIE,Daonan CHEN,Ruilan WANG. Related factors of euthyroid sick syndrome in patients with sepsis [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(3): 526-532.
[7]	Xiaohan LIU,Fan YANG,Xindi WANG,Ning HUANG,Taozhu CHENG,Jing GUO. Related factors and equity of health status among floating population in China based on geographic information system analysis [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(2): 223-229.
[8]	Silan AN,Qunyi ZHENG,Kai WANG,Shan GAO. Characteristics and influencing factors of early pain in patients after total knee arthroplasty [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(1): 167-173.
[9]	Xiao-jin YAN,Yun-fei LIU,Ning MA,Jia-jia DANG,Jing-shu ZHANG,Pan-liang ZHONG,Pei-jin HU,Yi SONG,Jun MA. Assessment of prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese primary and secondary school students and analysis of policy effect during the period of the Program for the Development of Chinese Children 2011-2020 [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2023, 55(4): 593-599.
[10]	JING Ri-ze, ZHANG Hu-yang, XU Ting-ting, ZHANG Lu-yu, FANG Hai. Study on the efficiency of tertiary public hospitals and its influencing factors in Beijing [J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2018, 50(3): 408-415.

Analysis of the prevalence and influencing factors of myopia among primary and secondary school students in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 2022

RICH HTML

PDF (PC)

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 4

References 33

Related Articles 10

Metrics

Comments

Recommended 0