1 资料与方法
1.1 临床资料
1.2 手术方法
1.3 观察指标与随访
1.4 统计学分析
2 结果
2.1 患者基线特征
表1 重复肾输尿管畸形合并上尿路结石患者的人口学及基线临床特征Table 1 Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics of patients with duplex kidney and ureteral malformation complicated with upper urinary tract calculi |
| Variables | Patients (n=38) |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Male | 16 (42.11) |
| Female | 22 (57.89) |
| Age/years, $\bar x \pm s$ | 49.92±14.27 |
| BMI/(kg/m2), M (P25,P75) | 25.01 (22.63, 26.47) |
| Symptoms, n (%) | |
| Low back pain | 32 (84.21) |
| Lower urinary tract irritation symptoms | 10 (26.32) |
| Lower urinary tract obstruction symptoms | 3 (7.89) |
| Hematuria | 12 (31.58) |
| Fever | 6 (15.79) |
| Nausea and vomiting | 7 (18.42) |
| Detected during physical examination | 3 (7.89) |
| Duration of symptoms/d, M (P25,P75) | 30.00 (21.50, 165.00) |
| Basic medical history, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 13 (34.21) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 (15.79) |
| Coronary heart disease | 4 (10.53) |
BMI, body mass index. |
2.2 术前检查结果
表2 重复肾输尿管畸形类型、结石特征及肾积水情况的术前影像学评估Table 2 Preoperative imaging evaluation of duplex kidney and ureteral malformation types, stone characteristics and hydronephrosis |
| Variables | Patients (n=38) |
| Side of Ureteral duplication, n (%) | |
| Left | 12 (31.58) |
| Right | 17 (44.74) |
| Bilateral | 9 (23.68) |
| Type of Ureteral duplication, n (%) | |
| Unilateral incompletely | 24 (63.16) |
| Unilateral completely | 4 (10.53) |
| Bilateral incompletely | 1 (2.63) |
| Bilateral completely | 3 (7.89) |
| Bilateral completely and contralateral incompletely | 5 (13.16) |
| Unilateral inverted Y | 1 (2.63) |
| Stone location, n (%) | |
| Calices renales of the upper kidney | 10 (26.32) |
| Calices renales of the lower kidney | 8 (21.05) |
| Ureteropelvic junction | 6 (15.79) |
| Ureter | 11 (28.95) |
| Multiple locations | 3 (7.89) |
| Number of stones, n (%) | |
| 1 | 21 (55.26) |
| 2 | 2 (5.26) |
| Multiple | 15 (39.48) |
| Maximum stone diameter/cm, M (P25,P75) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.48) |
| Stone CT value/HU, $\bar x \pm s$ | 897.82±348.62 |
| Pelvic hydronephrosis, n (%) | 23 (60.53) |
| Hydronephrosis size/cm, M (P25,P75) | 3.43 (2.96, 3.79) |
图1 不同类型肾盂输尿管重复畸形的CT三维重建表现Figure 1 CT three-dimensional reconstruction showing different types of renal pelvis and ureter duplication malformations A, incomplete duplication of the left renal pelvis and ureter; B, incomplete duplication of the left renal pelvis and ureter, with complete duplication of the right renal pelvis and ureter; C, inverted Y-shaped duplicated ureter on the right side. |
2.3 手术相关情况
表3 内镜手术方式、术中处理及特殊情况汇总Table 3 Summary of endoscopic surgical approaches, intraoperative management and special situations |
| Variables | Patients (n=38) |
| ASA grade, n (%) | |
| Ⅰ | 21 (55.26) |
| Ⅱ | 17 (44.74) |
| Anesthesia method, n (%) | |
| General anesthesia | 25 (65.79) |
| Spinal anesthesia | 13 (34.21) |
| Surgical method, n (%) | |
| URL | 15 (39.47) |
| FURL | 15 (39.47) |
| PCNL | 7 (18.43) |
| PCNL+FURL | 1 (2.63) |
| Intraoperative special conditions, n (%) | |
| Ureteral stricture | 19 (50.00) |
| Ureteral orifice cyst | 3 (7.89) |
| Complete impaction | 2 (5.30) |
| Stricture incision | 3 (7.90) |
| Cyst incision | 1 (2.63) |
| Balloon dilation | 2 (5.26) |
| Surgical time/min, M (P25,P75) | 74.00 (64.75, 92.50) |
| Estimated blood loss/mL, M (P25,P75) | 2.0 (1.00, 4.25) |
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists;URL, ureteroscopic lithotripsy;FURL,flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy;PCNL, percutaneous nephrolithotomy. |
2.4 术后情况
表4 术后清石效果、并发症及肾功能改善情况Table 4 Postoperative stone clearance, complications and renal function improvement |
| Variables | Patients (n=38) |
| Postoperative fever, n (%) | 14 (36.84) |
| Complete stone clearance, n (%) | 36 (94.74) |
| Staged Surgery, n (%) | 1 (2.63) |
| Follow-up time/months, M (P25,P75) | 17.80 (1.60, 41.90) |
| Postoperative extubation time/d, M (P25,P75) | 37.00 (31.25, 42.25) |
| Postoperative hospital stay/d, M (P25,P75) | 3.00 (2.00, 5.75) |
| Postoperative creatinine decline, n (%) | 32 (84.21) |
2.5 围术期实验室检查
表5 手术前后肾功能相关实验室指标比较Table 5 Comparison of renal function related laboratory parameters before and after surgery |
| Variable | Preoperative | Postoperative | V | P value |
| Creatinine/(μmol/L), M (P25,P75) | 75.50 (65.50, 89.70) | 70.00 (57.00, 80.00) | 43 | 0.007 |
| Glomerular filtration rate/[mL/(min·1.73 m2)], M (P25,P75) | 92.77 (82.79, 102.75) | 100.00 (93.00, 113.00) | 135 | 0.033 |