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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 456-461. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.03.012

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Factors influencing cognitive function among the older adults in Beijing

Yuting LIN1,Huali WANG2,Yu TIAN3,Litong GONG4,Chun CHANG1,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Peking University Sixth Hospital Dementia Care and Research Center/National Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
    3. Beijing Xinjiekou Community Health Service Center, Beijing 100035, China
    4. Beijing Daxing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102699, China
  • Received:2024-02-18 Online:2024-06-18 Published:2024-06-12
  • Contact: Chun CHANG E-mail:changchun@bjmu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Community Health Association Community Health Research Fund(20212041)

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Abstract:

Objective: To explore the current status of cognitive function of the older adults in Beijing, and to analyze the factors affecting their cognitive function. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire survy was conducted in 2023 among the older adults in Beijing. The cognitive function of the older adults was assessed with the Hong Kong brief cognitive test (HKBC) scale, a simple cognitive assessment tool. Using SPSS 27.0 to perform the descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis of factors, which affect cognitive function among the older adults. Results: Totally 349 older adults were recruited, with the highest percentage of respondents aged 60-69 years (41.3%), of whom 58.7% were female, 88.0% of the respondents had a junior high school or above education level. Most of the older adults (68.8%) worked 35-48 h/week before they retired, and 14.0% of the older adults had a family history of dementia. After controlling age and gender, the linear regression analysis showed that marital status married (β=0.501, 95%CI: 0.144-0.859) and 3-4 times physical activity per week (β=0.617, 95%CI: 0.087-1.148) were protective factors of cognitive function in the older adults, and depressive symptoms were a risk factor (β= -0.723, 95%CI: -1.198 to -0.247) of cognitive function for the older adults. Conclusion: In this study, the factors influencing cognitive function among the older adults was analyzed based on a life-cycle perspective. Lack of physical activity and depressive symptoms were risk factors for cognitive function among the older adults. It was suggested that strengthening physical activity, improving mental health of the older adults, as well as conducting preventive intervention in early stages of the life-cycle will be benefit for preventing and slowing cognitive decline in the older adults.

Key words: Cognition disorders, Risk factors, Aged, Life course theory

CLC Number: 

  • R395.6

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of study subjects (n=349)"

Items n(%)
Gender
  Male 144 (41.3)
  Female 205 (58.7)
Age/years
  60- 144 (41.3)
  70- 101 (28.9)
  ≥80 104 (29.8)
Marital status
  Single/Divorced/Widowed 186 (53.3)
  Married 163 (46.7)
Education level
  Primary school or less 42 (12.0)
  Middle school 178 (51.0)
  High school or higher 129 (37.0)
Family history of dementia
  Yes 49 (14.0)
  No 300 (86.0)
Weekly working hours before retirement
  ＜35 56 (16.0)
  35- 122 (35.0)
  41- 118 (33.8)
  ≥49 53 (15.2)

Table 2

Univariate analysis of cognitive function score"

Variable Cognitive function score ($\bar x \pm s$) t/F P
Early life course factors
  Education level 3.872 0.022
    Primary school or below 23.76±1.61
    Middle school 24.25±1.65
    High school or above 24.51±1.34
  Family history of dementia 0.751 0.455
    No 24.31±1.57
    Yes 24.14±1.46
Midlife course factors
  Weekly working hours before retirement 1.998 0.114
    ＜35 23.89±1.85
    35- 24.32±1.42
    41- 24.49±1.57
    ≥49 24.19±1.40
  Marital status -3.331 0.001
    Single/Divorced/Widowed 24.04±1.66
    Married 24.58±1.36
Late life course factors
  Times of physical activity per week 6.872 0.001
    0-2 23.97±1.81
    3-4 24.76±0.88
    ≥5 24.49±1.34
  Smoking 0.105 0.917
    Never 24.29±1.58
    Everyday/Quit 24.27±1.34
  Drinking -0.997 0.321
    No 24.26±1.61
    Yes 24.44±1.11
  Social participation -1.037 0.300
    Low level 24.21±1.69
    High level 24.38±1.36
  3H 1.038 0.304
    No 24.31±1.59
    Yes 24.09±1.38
  Depression 3.759 ＜0.001
    No 24.42±1.32
    Yes 23.59±2.33
  Insomnia 2.486 0.013
    No 24.46±1.36
    Yes 24.04±1.77
  Social support 0.503 0.615
    Low level 24.33±1.50
    High level 24.24±1.61

Table 3

Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with cognitive function"

VariablesModel 1 Model 2 Model 3
β(95%CI) t P β(95%CI) t P β(95%CI) t P
Sociodemographic factors
  Gender (Female) 0.119(-0.211, 0.450) 0.710 0.478 0.077(-0.254, 0.407) 0.457 0.648 0.015(-0.316, 0.345) 0.088 0.930
Early life course factors
  Education level
    Middle school 0.469(-0.054, 0.992) 1.762 0.079 0.344(-0.191, 0.879) 1.265 0.207 0.309(-0.264, 0.881) 1.061 0.289
    High school or above 0.756(0.205, 1.308) 2.699 0.007 0.479(-0.089, 1.048) 1.658 0.098 0.325(-0.286, 0.935) 1.045 0.297
  Family history of dementia (Yes) -0.133(-0.606, 0.341) -0.550 0.582 -0.131(-0.605, 0.343) -0.542 0.588 -0.107(-0.579, 0.365) -0.446 0.656
Midlife course factors
  Weekly working hours before retirement
    35-40 0.353(-0.137, 0.842) 1.418 0.157 0.270(-0.216, 0.756) 1.094 0.275
    41-48 0.526(0.034, 1.018) 2.105 0.036 0.341(-0.153, 0.836) 1.359 0.175
    ≥49 0.344(-0.263, 0.950) 1.115 0.266 0.126(-0.482, 0.734) 0.407 0.684
  Marital status (Married) 0.539(-0.183, 0.896) 2.978 0.003 0.501(0.144, 0.859) 2.759 0.006
Late life course factors
  Times of physical activity per week
    3-4 0.617(0.087, 1.148) 2.291 0.023
    ≥5 0.270(-0.109, 0.649) 1.402 0.162
  Smoking (Everyday/Quit) -0.119(-0.629, 0.391) -0.458 0.647
  Drinking (Yes) -0.002(-0.472, 0.467) -0.009 0.993
  Social participation (High level) 0.228(-0.131, 0.588) 1.250 0.212
  3H (Yes) -0.205(-0.754, 0.344) -0.735 0.463
  Depression (Yes) -0.723(-1.198, -0.247) -2.991 0.003
  Insomnia (Yes) -0.129(-0.475, 0.217) -0.736 0.462
  Social support (High level) -0.222(-0.574, 0.129) -1.245 0.214
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