Email Alert | RSS

Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (3): 456-461. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.03.012

Previous Articles     Next Articles

Factors influencing cognitive function among the older adults in Beijing

Yuting LIN1,Huali WANG2,Yu TIAN3,Litong GONG4,Chun CHANG1,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Peking University Sixth Hospital Dementia Care and Research Center/National Clinical Research Center for Psychiatric Diseases, Beijing 100191, China
    3. Beijing Xinjiekou Community Health Service Center, Beijing 100035, China
    4. Beijing Daxing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102699, China
  • Received:2024-02-18 Online:2024-06-18 Published:2024-06-12
  • Contact: Chun CHANG E-mail:changchun@bjmu.edu.cn
  • Supported by:
    China Community Health Association Community Health Research Fund(20212041)

RICH HTML

   

PDF (PC)

Abstract:

Objective: To explore the current status of cognitive function of the older adults in Beijing, and to analyze the factors affecting their cognitive function. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire survy was conducted in 2023 among the older adults in Beijing. The cognitive function of the older adults was assessed with the Hong Kong brief cognitive test (HKBC) scale, a simple cognitive assessment tool. Using SPSS 27.0 to perform the descriptive analysis and multiple linear regression analysis of factors, which affect cognitive function among the older adults. Results: Totally 349 older adults were recruited, with the highest percentage of respondents aged 60-69 years (41.3%), of whom 58.7% were female, 88.0% of the respondents had a junior high school or above education level. Most of the older adults (68.8%) worked 35-48 h/week before they retired, and 14.0% of the older adults had a family history of dementia. After controlling age and gender, the linear regression analysis showed that marital status married (β=0.501, 95%CI: 0.144-0.859) and 3-4 times physical activity per week (β=0.617, 95%CI: 0.087-1.148) were protective factors of cognitive function in the older adults, and depressive symptoms were a risk factor (β= -0.723, 95%CI: -1.198 to -0.247) of cognitive function for the older adults. Conclusion: In this study, the factors influencing cognitive function among the older adults was analyzed based on a life-cycle perspective. Lack of physical activity and depressive symptoms were risk factors for cognitive function among the older adults. It was suggested that strengthening physical activity, improving mental health of the older adults, as well as conducting preventive intervention in early stages of the life-cycle will be benefit for preventing and slowing cognitive decline in the older adults.

Key words: Cognition disorders, Risk factors, Aged, Life course theory

CLC Number: 

  • R395.6

Table 1

Sociodemographic characteristics of study subjects (n=349)"

Items n(%)
Gender
  Male 144 (41.3)
  Female 205 (58.7)
Age/years
  60- 144 (41.3)
  70- 101 (28.9)
  ≥80 104 (29.8)
Marital status
  Single/Divorced/Widowed 186 (53.3)
  Married 163 (46.7)
Education level
  Primary school or less 42 (12.0)
  Middle school 178 (51.0)
  High school or higher 129 (37.0)
Family history of dementia
  Yes 49 (14.0)
  No 300 (86.0)
Weekly working hours before retirement
  ＜35 56 (16.0)
  35- 122 (35.0)
  41- 118 (33.8)
  ≥49 53 (15.2)

Table 2

Univariate analysis of cognitive function score"

Variable Cognitive function score ($\bar x \pm s$) t/F P
Early life course factors
  Education level 3.872 0.022
    Primary school or below 23.76±1.61
    Middle school 24.25±1.65
    High school or above 24.51±1.34
  Family history of dementia 0.751 0.455
    No 24.31±1.57
    Yes 24.14±1.46
Midlife course factors
  Weekly working hours before retirement 1.998 0.114
    ＜35 23.89±1.85
    35- 24.32±1.42
    41- 24.49±1.57
    ≥49 24.19±1.40
  Marital status -3.331 0.001
    Single/Divorced/Widowed 24.04±1.66
    Married 24.58±1.36
Late life course factors
  Times of physical activity per week 6.872 0.001
    0-2 23.97±1.81
    3-4 24.76±0.88
    ≥5 24.49±1.34
  Smoking 0.105 0.917
    Never 24.29±1.58
    Everyday/Quit 24.27±1.34
  Drinking -0.997 0.321
    No 24.26±1.61
    Yes 24.44±1.11
  Social participation -1.037 0.300
    Low level 24.21±1.69
    High level 24.38±1.36
  3H 1.038 0.304
    No 24.31±1.59
    Yes 24.09±1.38
  Depression 3.759 ＜0.001
    No 24.42±1.32
    Yes 23.59±2.33
  Insomnia 2.486 0.013
    No 24.46±1.36
    Yes 24.04±1.77
  Social support 0.503 0.615
    Low level 24.33±1.50
    High level 24.24±1.61

Table 3

Multivariate regression analysis of factors associated with cognitive function"

VariablesModel 1 Model 2 Model 3
β(95%CI) t P β(95%CI) t P β(95%CI) t P
Sociodemographic factors
  Gender (Female) 0.119(-0.211, 0.450) 0.710 0.478 0.077(-0.254, 0.407) 0.457 0.648 0.015(-0.316, 0.345) 0.088 0.930
Early life course factors
  Education level
    Middle school 0.469(-0.054, 0.992) 1.762 0.079 0.344(-0.191, 0.879) 1.265 0.207 0.309(-0.264, 0.881) 1.061 0.289
    High school or above 0.756(0.205, 1.308) 2.699 0.007 0.479(-0.089, 1.048) 1.658 0.098 0.325(-0.286, 0.935) 1.045 0.297
  Family history of dementia (Yes) -0.133(-0.606, 0.341) -0.550 0.582 -0.131(-0.605, 0.343) -0.542 0.588 -0.107(-0.579, 0.365) -0.446 0.656
Midlife course factors
  Weekly working hours before retirement
    35-40 0.353(-0.137, 0.842) 1.418 0.157 0.270(-0.216, 0.756) 1.094 0.275
    41-48 0.526(0.034, 1.018) 2.105 0.036 0.341(-0.153, 0.836) 1.359 0.175
    ≥49 0.344(-0.263, 0.950) 1.115 0.266 0.126(-0.482, 0.734) 0.407 0.684
  Marital status (Married) 0.539(-0.183, 0.896) 2.978 0.003 0.501(0.144, 0.859) 2.759 0.006
Late life course factors
  Times of physical activity per week
    3-4 0.617(0.087, 1.148) 2.291 0.023
    ≥5 0.270(-0.109, 0.649) 1.402 0.162
  Smoking (Everyday/Quit) -0.119(-0.629, 0.391) -0.458 0.647
  Drinking (Yes) -0.002(-0.472, 0.467) -0.009 0.993
  Social participation (High level) 0.228(-0.131, 0.588) 1.250 0.212
  3H (Yes) -0.205(-0.754, 0.344) -0.735 0.463
  Depression (Yes) -0.723(-1.198, -0.247) -2.991 0.003
  Insomnia (Yes) -0.129(-0.475, 0.217) -0.736 0.462
  Social support (High level) -0.222(-0.574, 0.129) -1.245 0.214
1 Scheltens P , Strooper B , Kivipelto M , et al.Alzheimer's disease[J].Lancet,2021,397(10284):1577-1590.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32205-4
2 王丹, 刘跃华, 朱学敏, 等.WHO和25个国家(地区)应对失智症行动计划及其对我国的启示[J].中国全科医学,2022,25(25):3075-3082.
3 Rtersen RC .Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity[J].Intern Med,2004,25(6):183-194.
4 Jia L , Du Y , Chu L , et al.Prevalence, risk factors, and management of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in adults aged 60 years or older in China: A cross-sectional study[J].Lancet Public health,2020,5(12):e661-e671.
doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30185-7
5 World Health Organization. Global status report on the public health response to dementia[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2021.
6 Ben-Shlomo Y , Kuh D .A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology: Conceptual models, empirical challenges and interdisciplinary perspectives[J].Int J Epidemiol,2022,31(2):285-293.
7 Livingston G , Huntley J , Sommerlad A , et al.Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission[J].Lancet,2020,396(10248):413-446.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30367-6
8 World Health Organization. World report on ageing and health[R]. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2015.
9 付志强, 齐伟, 翁华, 等.关于社会处方管理模式对社区老年人认知状况的干预效果及其社会支持影响因素的探索性研究[J].老龄科学研究,2022,10(12):24-33.
10 Zhou L , Ma X , Wang W .Relationship between cognitive perfor-mance and depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS)[J].J Affect Disord,2021,281,454-458.
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.059
11 肖水源.《社会支持评定量表》的理论基础与研究应用[J].临床精神医学杂志,1994,(2):98-100.
12 Chiu HF , Zhong BL , Leung T , et al.Development and validation of a new cognitive screening test: The Hong Kong Brief Cognitive Test (HKBC)[J].Int J Geriatr Psychiatry,2018,33(7):994-999.
doi: 10.1002/gps.4883
13 Andresen EM , Malmgren JA , Carter WB , et al.Screening for depression in well older adults: Evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies depression scale)[J].Am J Prev Med,1994,10(2):77-78.
doi: 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)30622-6
14 张宝山, 李娟.简版流调中心抑郁量表在全国成年人群中的信效度[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2011,25(7):506-511.
15 Chung KF , Kan KKK , Yeung WF .Assessing insomnia in adolescents: Comparison of insomnia severity index, Athens insomnia scale and sleep quality index[J].Sleep Med,2011,12(5):463-470.
16 于恩彦.中国老年期痴呆防治指南(2021)[M].北京: 人民卫生出版社,2021.
17 Baumgart M , Snyder HM , Carrillo MC , et al.Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and demen-tia: A population-based perspective[J].Alzheimers Dement,2015,11(6):718-726.
18 Sanders LM , Hortobagyi T , Gemert SB , et al.Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis[J].PLoS One,2019,14(1):e0210036.
19 Erickson KI , Hillman C , Stillman CM , et al.Physical activity, cognition, and brain outcomes: A review of the 2018 physical activity guidelines[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2019,51(6):1242-1251.
20 Wit LD , O'Shea D , Chandler M , et al.Physical exercise and cognitive engagement outcomes for mild neurocognitive disorder: A group-randomized pilot trial[J].Trials,2018,19(1):1-11.
21 James SN , Chiou YJ , Fatih N , et al.Timing of physical activity across adulthood on later-life cognition: 30 years follow-up in the 1946 British birth cohort[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2023,94(5):349-356.
22 Prince M, Albanese E, Guerchet M. World Alzheimer Report 2014: Dementia and risk reduction. An analysis of protective and modifiable risk factors[R]. London: Alzheimer Disease International, 2014.
23 Chen H , Zhou YG , Huang LY , et al.Multimorbidity burden and developmental trajectory in relation to later-life dementia: A prospective study[J].Alzheimers Dement,2023,19(5):2024-2033.
[1] Hui WEI, Jingfeng ZHANG, Zhongqiang YAO, Jinxia ZHAO. Clinical characteristics and relevant factors of rheumatoid arthritis patients with anemia of chronic disease [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2026, 58(2): 307-312.
[2] Jie ZHAO, Chun FU, Xiujuan ZHAO, Haiyan XUE, Shu LI, Zhenzhou WANG, Fengxue ZHU. Risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients with chest trauma in intensive care unit [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2026, 58(2): 351-358.
[3] Yuehui WEI, Weiyan JIAN. Association between socioeconomic status and vision impairment among Chinese elderly [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(6): 1136-1144.
[4] Bowen LI, Qiang ZHANG, Yixin SUN. Establishment and validation of a risk prediction model for scoliosis after Nuss procedure in children and young adults with pectus excavatum [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(5): 941-946.
[5] Xiaoyong YANG, Fan ZHANG, Lulin MA, Cheng LIU. Clinical characteristics and influencing factors of extraglandular invasion of prostatic ductal adenocarcinoma [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(5): 956-960.
[6] Wei LIU, Wen GUO, Zhe GUO, Chunyan LI, Yunlong LI, Siqi LIU, Liang ZHANG, Hui SONG. Risk factors associated with non-radiographic bone erosion in patients with gout [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(4): 735-739.
[7] Mengxi LU, Qiuping LIU, Tianjing ZHOU, Xiaofei LIU, Yexiang SUN, Peng SHEN, Hongbo LIN, Xun TANG, Pei GAO. Association of triglyceride-glucose index and cardiovascular disease in a community-based Chinese cohort [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(3): 430-435.
[8] Huaqiu GUO, Zhe WANG, Xue YANG, Jie BAI. Clinical features and risk factors of patients with oral bleeding in dental emergency [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(1): 142-147.
[9] Minting DENG, Nan WANG, Bin XIA, Yuming ZHAO, Junxia ZHU. Factors associated with spontaneous re-eruption of traumatically intruded permanent anterior teeth in children and adolescents [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2025, 57(1): 148-153.
[10] Yukai LI, Hongyan WANG, Liang LUO, Yun LI, Chun LI. Clinical significance of antiphospholipid antibodies in Behcet disease with thrombosis [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(6): 1036-1040.
[11] Yang TIAN, Yongzheng HAN, Jiao LI, Mingya WANG, Yinyin QU, Jingchao FANG, Hui JIN, Min LI, Jun WANG, Mao XU, Shenglin WANG, Xiangyang GUO. Incidence and risk factors of postoperative epidural hematoma following anterior cervical spine surgery [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(6): 1058-1064.
[12] Mingrui WANG, Jinhui LAI, Jiaxiang JI, Xinwei TANG, Haopu HU, Qi WANG, Kexin XU, Tao XU, Hao HU. Risk factors for decreased quality of life in patients with kidney stones predicted by the Chinese version of Wisconsin stone quality of life questionnaire [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(6): 1069-1074.
[13] Zhicun LI, Tianyu WU, Lei LIANG, Yu FAN, Yisen MENG, Qian ZHANG. Risk factors analysis and nomogram model construction of postoperative pathological upgrade of prostate cancer patients with single core positive biopsy [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(5): 896-901.
[14] Ye YAN,Xiaolong LI,Haizhui XIA,Xuehua ZHU,Yuting ZHANG,Fan ZHANG,Ke LIU,Cheng LIU,Lulin MA. Analysis of risk factors for long-term overactive bladder after radical prostatectomy [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(4): 589-593.
[15] Yan CHEN,Kuangmeng LI,Kai HONG,Shudong ZHANG,Jianxing CHENG,Zhongjie ZHENG,Wenhao TANG,Lianming ZHAO,Haitao ZHANG,Hui JIANG,Haocheng LIN. Retrospective study on the impact of penile corpus cavernosum injection test on penile vascular function [J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(4): 680-686.
Viewed
Full text


Abstract

Cited
  Shared   
  Discussed   
No Suggested Reading articles found!
Copyright © Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), All Rights Reserved.
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd