Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia: A case report

  • Yue WANG 1 ,
  • Yuhong LIANG , 2, *
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  • 1. Department of Stomatology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, China
  • 2. Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NMPA Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Beijing 100081, China
LIANG Yuhong, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-09-25

  Online published: 2025-11-28

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Abstract

Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is an uncommon, non-neoplastic benign fibro-osseous lesion of the jaws, characterized by cementum-like tissue deposition. It primarily affects middle-aged women of African and East Asian descent. Generally asymptomatic, this condition is frequently identified incidentally through radiographs showing radiopacities with radiolucent rims. This report presented a case of florid cemento-osseous dysplasia (FLCOD) in a 45-year-old Asian female. The patient exhibited secondary caries extending to the pulp chamber on the left mandibular first molar, showed no signs of pulpitis or periapical pathosis. Adjacent tooth (the left mandibular third molar) and contralateral molars (the right mandibular molars) responded normally to pulp vitality testing, with no swelling, sinus tracts, or mobility observed. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) revealed multifocal lesions with amorphous radiopacities and thin radiolucent rims without root resorption or cortical perforation in the periapical regions of bilateral mandibular molars. These findings reflected characteristic radiographic features of FLCOD, aligning with the World Health Organization (WHO) 2022 classification criteria. Significantly, three radiographic stages of COD were concurrently demonstrated through multifocal lesions involving six mandibular molars, providing a representative model of its natural progression. The initial osteolytic stage in teeth 38, 46, and 48 manifested as well-defined periapical radiolucencies with sclerotic borders; the intermediate stage in 36 and 37 featured punctate or nodular radiopacities within periapical radiolucency; while the mature terminal stage in 47 presented a homogeneous radiopaque mass bordered by a thin radiolucent rim. The diagnostic process prioritized exclusion of chronic apical periodontitis through confirmed pulp vitality and absence of infection. Cemento-ossifying fibroma (COsF) was dismissed based on solitary presentation and cortical expansion. Familial gigantiform cementoma (FGC) was differentiated by early diffuse jaw expansion and extensive involvement beyond COD. Cementoblastoma exclusion relied on pathognomonic features, specifically root resorption or compromised pulp vitality. Given the asymptomatic, non-progressive behavior of the FLCOD lesions, annual surveillance was implemented, with intervention limited to the restorative failure in tooth 36. At 12-month follow-up, the FLCOD lesions showed clinical-radiographic stability without secondary infection or progression. This case reflected the classic presentation of FLCOD as incidental, multifocal mandibular posterior radiopacities bordered by radiolucent rims. CBCT proved instrumental in delineating the lesions, providing diagnostic evidence. Long-term surveillance remains the cornerstone of management for COD. Invasive procedures are not recommended in cases with asymptomatic non-progressive behavior to prevent surgical complications.

Cite this article

Yue WANG , Yuhong LIANG . Florid cemento-osseous dysplasia: A case report[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(1) : 220 -224 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.01.030

牙骨质-骨结构不良(cemento-osseous dysplasia,COD)属于临床少见的一种纤维-骨肿瘤及结构不良,好发于非洲人和东亚人,中年女性发病率较高[1]。一般无症状,常在X线检查时意外发现,其典型影像学表现与常见的牙髓源性的慢性根尖周炎相似,易误诊误治。部分患者可表现为颌骨膨隆,病灶区伴有感染时,可出现疼痛、溢脓等炎症性反应。本文报道1例就诊于北京大学国际医院口腔科的繁茂型牙骨质-骨结构不良(florid cemento-osseous dysplasia, FLCOD)患者,并对相关文献进行回顾。

1 病例临床资料

患者女性,45岁,因“左下后牙充填体脱落3周”就诊,无冷热痛、自发痛、咬合痛、牙龈肿痛史。患者10年前行左下后牙治疗,1年前牙冠劈裂后行充填治疗。全身情况:患者有卵巢功能减退,现服用坤泰胶囊及地屈孕酮治疗。
临床检查:左右颌面部基本对称,无颌骨膨隆,面部及颌下未触及肿大淋巴结。咬合检查:前牙反牙合,无咬合早接触及咬合干扰。口腔卫生状况一般,牙石(+ +),软垢少量,探诊深度(probing depth,PD) 3~5 mm,附着丧失0~2 mm。
左下第一磨牙(36)咬合面大面积牙色充填体部分脱落,继发龋坏达髓腔,叩痛(-),不松动,牙龈未见窦道口,PD 3~4 mm。左下第二磨牙(37)烤瓷冠,边缘密合。左下及右下第三磨牙(38、48)牙冠完整。右下第一及第二磨牙(46、47) 牙合面牙色充填体,边缘无龋坏。牙髓电活力测试结果为
根尖片显示,36冠部充填物高密度影达髓底(图 1)。根管内充填物影像显示,近中根管内充填物距根尖2 mm,远中根管内充填物距根尖1 mm,根尖周有大面积类圆形密度不均匀区域。锥形束CT(cone beam computed tomography,CBCT)显示,36近中根尖周存在边界清晰的致密团块,密度均匀一致,周围大面积低密度影包绕近远中根尖,约11 mm×7 mm×7 mm(图 2);37、38、46、47、48根尖周均见混合密度影。
图1 左下颌第一磨牙(36)的术前和术后根尖片

Figure 1 Preoperative and postoperative periapical radiographs of the mandibular left first molar (36)

A, preoperative periapical radiolucency showing well-defined radiopaque mass with radiolucent border; B, postoperative radiograph of completed root filling; C and D, 3-month and 6-month follow-up X-ray.

图2 患者初诊时的CBCT图像

Figure 2 CBCT images of the patient at initial presentation

Three radiographic stages of COD concurrently shown in multifocal lesions across six mandibular molars: osteolytic stage (38/46/48), cementoblastic stage (36/37), mature stage (47). The red arrow indicates the COD lesion. COD, cemento-osseous dysplasia; CBCT, cone beam computed tomographic.

诊断:36继发龋(牙髓治疗后);繁茂型牙骨质-骨结构不良;慢性牙周炎。
治疗计划:36根管再治疗后全冠修复;牙骨质-骨结构不良病损每年定期检查;牙周洁治、刮治。
治疗过程:36根管再治疗后即刻行临时冠修复;牙周洁治、刮治。
复查:牙骨质-骨结构不良病损1年随访颌骨未见膨隆(图 3),曲面断层片示双侧下颌后牙区根尖周影像无明显变化(图 4)。牙髓电活力测试结果为
图3 1年随访复查口内照

Figure 3 Intraoral images at 1-year follow-up

图4 1年随访复查曲面断层图像

Figure 4 Panoramic radiograph at 1-year follow-up

36术后3个月、6个月、1年随访,患者无症状,拍摄根尖片示根尖周影像无明显变化,混合密度影大小约为11 mm×7 mm(图 1)。36术后1年去除临时冠,完成全冠修复。

2 讨论

2.1 诊断与鉴别诊断

患者为中年女性,主诉左下后牙充填体脱落,患牙有多次治疗史,无明显不适症状。因根尖片显示患牙根尖周存在大面积类圆形密度不均匀区域,为进一步评估该骨病损的影像学特征,行CBCT检查,显示患者双侧下颌后牙区多颗磨牙根尖周异常表现,最终诊断为FLCOD。诊断依据包括:患者无临床症状的病史,多象限累及牙的牙髓活髓状态,以及三维影像学呈现的多灶性混合密度病变特征。结合1年随访中病变稳定,符合世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)制定的FLCOD诊断标准[2]。本例的罕见性体现在其影像学呈现了骨质溶解破坏期、类牙骨质小体形成期与钙化成熟期三期并存的特点,为理解COD的自然进展提供了实例,且患者合并的卵巢功能减退提示了全身因素与颌骨病变的潜在关联。
鉴别诊断时,对于此类无症状、仅在影像学检查中偶然发现的COD病例,与慢性根尖周炎的区分尤为重要。由于两者在根尖片上均可表现为根周低密度影,临床上极易误诊,进而导致不必要的牙髓治疗。本病例支持FLCOD诊断的关键依据在于,多颗累及牙的牙髓活力测试反应正常,而慢性根尖周炎患牙通常伴随牙髓感染症状;影像学上,FLCOD病变内部可见高密度钙化团块,呈典型的混合密度特征,而非慢性根尖周炎常见的均匀透射影。另外,还需与牙骨质-骨化纤维瘤(cemento-ossifying fibroma, COsF)、家族性巨大型牙骨质瘤(familial gigantiform cementoma, FGC)及成牙骨质细胞瘤等影像学表现相似的疾病相鉴别[3-4]。本例病变未见明显膨胀性改变及骨皮质受累,不符合COsF作为真性肿瘤性病变多呈膨胀性生长伴骨皮质变薄的典型特征,故不支持COsF诊断。FGC虽也可表现为多象限混合密度影,但通常早期即出现颌骨膨大,本例患者无颌骨形态改变,可予以鉴别。本例患者受累牙的牙根完整、牙髓活力正常,不符合成牙骨质细胞瘤的典型特征,即牙根融合和牙根吸收。
本病例的诊断充分体现了现代影像学技术,特别是CBCT在识别无症状颌骨病变中的关键作用[5-6]。CBCT凭借三维成像优势,清晰揭示了病变在多颗牙齿根周的多灶性、双侧对称分布及其内部特征性的混合密度结构,为与其他骨缺损性疾病的鉴别提供了重要依据。结合牙髓电活力测试等常规测试手段,证实患者多颗累及牙的牙髓活力正常,进一步明确了病变的非牙髓源性特征。

2.2 治疗策略与预后分析

COD是一种好发于活髓牙根尖周的颌骨病变,其确切病因尚未完全阐明,目前认为与局部刺激、全身性及遗传因素相关[7]。局部因素主要包括持续性异常咬合负荷和慢性炎症,异常咬合负荷可干扰局部骨改建过程,炎性介质则可能为异常骨与牙骨质代谢提供病理微环境,促进纤维组织增生及不规则钙化沉积。全身因素涉及内分泌激素波动,如围绝经期雌激素水平变化以及钙磷代谢紊乱,可能破坏骨代谢平衡并影响矿化过程。遗传因素在特定亚型(如家族性FLCOD)中起关键作用[8]。上述各种因素可能干扰颌骨正常骨改建,导致正常骨组织逐渐被富含纤维结缔组织及混杂牙骨质或骨样钙化物质的病变替代。
针对本病例病变状况及受累牙差异制定治疗计划,并积极控制患者局部及全身风险因素[9],颌骨FLCOD病变本身暂不予干预。多项回顾性研究表明,对于无症状且无影像学进展迹象的COD,手术干预非但无益,还可能因破坏病变周围血供而显著增加继发感染、伤口不愈合和病理性骨折的风险[10-12]。为控制潜在风险,我们针对患者局部因素,对慢性牙周炎实施了完善的牙周基础治疗以减轻牙周组织炎性刺激。在全身因素管理方面,以往研究表明,雌激素水平下降可破坏成骨与破骨细胞间的平衡,导致骨吸收大于骨形成[13]。雌激素治疗也被证实可促进牙槽骨新生、减少破骨细胞并提升骨保护素水平[14]。我们推测本例患者卵巢功能减退可能通过影响全身骨代谢,为颌骨局部异常骨与牙骨质沉积创造了有利的病理微环境,目前,患者规律接受坤泰胶囊及地屈孕酮药物治疗以维持骨代谢稳态。此外,患者存在反牙合问题,但临床检查未发现明确的咬合创伤体征,且患者无正畸治疗意愿,当前的处理策略为定期行咬合检查。针对受累牙,36因继发龋深达髓腔引发冠方微渗漏,且根尖周COD病灶的血供不足易发骨髓炎,故行根管再治疗控制感染,并行全冠修复预防牙齿劈裂,避免拔牙所致COD病变愈合不良风险;37牙根管充填完善且无症状,予观察随访;其余活髓牙(38、46、47、48)无牙体疾病,定期监测。
根据病变发展中血管化程度、纤维化进展及钙化沉积量的动态变化,COD在病理与影像学上可分为三期(表 1)。本例患者病变累及的6颗牙齿(36、37、38、46、47、48)根尖周影像学表现多样,同时呈现骨质溶解破坏期、类牙骨质小体形成期与钙化成熟期三期并存的特征,例如,38、46、48根尖周可见类圆形的低密度影,边缘伴硬化带,符合骨质溶解破坏期特点;36、37处于类牙骨质小体形成期,其根尖周低密度影内可见边界清晰的点状或团块状高密度影;47表现为钙化成熟期特征,均匀高密度团块影伴薄层透射边缘。
表1 牙骨质-骨结构不良三个分期的病理学和影像学表现

Table 1 Pathological and radiographic features of the three stages of cemento-osseous dysplasia

Disease stage Pathological manifestations Radiographic manifestations
Osteolytic stage Replacement of normal bone by cellular fibrous tissue without calcification Well-demarcated periapical radiolucency with sclerotic borders
Cementoblastic stage Progressive deposition of cementum-like droplets and woven bone within the fibrous stroma Punctate or flocculent radiopacities within a radiolucent halo
Mature stage Densely mineralized masses with peripheral fibrous encapsulation Homogeneous radiopacities bordered by thin radiolucent rims
患者当前病变整体处于稳定阶段,随访期间未见颌骨膨大或影像学进展。值得注意的是,仅47达到钙化成熟期,此期因形成致密无血管的牙骨质样组织而需警惕继发骨髓炎风险,如Sarmento等[15]报道的FLCOD病例,感染发生于以成熟钙化为主的病变中;其余受累牙病变仍处于骨质溶解破坏期或类牙骨质小体形成期,具有潜在继续发展的生物学活性;此外,未累及牙亦存在新发病变风险。对患者的预后评估需警惕颌骨膨大、牙齿移位或继发感染等提示病变活动的征象,一旦出现需考虑手术干预。本例患者同时存在卵巢功能减退,可能通过影响骨代谢状态为病变创造了有利的病理微环境,因此建议长期随访监测,每年通过临床及影像学检查评估病变动态变化。

2.3 COD的命名与分型

COD的首次确切描述可追溯至1956年[16],当时被称为“根尖周骨发育不良(periapical osseous dysplasia)”。由于人们对其组织来源及病理演变的认识不足,该疾病的分类在较长时间内存在争议。2017年,WHO头颈部肿瘤分类采纳了“牙骨质-骨结构不良(cemento-osseous dysplasia)”这一命名[17],涵盖此类具有特征性病理学及影像学表现的疾病,并依据发病部位与影像学特征将其分为三型:局灶型牙骨质-骨结构不良(focal cemento-osseous dysplasia, FocCOD)、根尖周型牙骨质-骨结构不良(periapical cemento-osseous dysplasia, PCOD)及FLCOD。2022年,更新的WHO分类[2]进一步细化了分型体系,新增了家族性繁茂型牙骨质-骨结构不良(fami-lial florid cemento-osseous dysplasia,FFCOD)作为第四种亚型。COD各亚型的临床表现各异,局灶型多为单发,以下颌后牙区最常见;根尖周型主要累及下颌前牙区,多个病灶可相互融合;繁茂型在颌骨中呈多灶性分布,常对称发生,甚至累及四个象限,可伴有颌骨轻度膨隆;家族性繁茂型呈常染色体显性遗传,无性别或种族倾向性,其特点为发病年龄早,常阻碍牙齿萌出及显著颌骨膨隆,影像学呈现典型FLCOD特征。
本例患者为临床少见的FLCOD病例,诊断主要依据其无临床症状的病程、牙髓状态及典型的影像学表现。治疗策略上,着重处理继发龋等伴发病变,控制局部与全身风险因素,而非针对COD病变本身进行干预,预后还需长期随访。本病例的诊疗提示,口腔临床医师应加强对COD的识别与诊断能力,避免误诊和过度治疗。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  王月:完成病例的诊断、治疗,收集、整理资料,论文撰写;梁宇红:对诊治过程中的关键问题提供学术指导,论文设计、审定。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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