Short-term efficacy and influencing factors of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy for stages Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis

  • Lianfei PAN 1 ,
  • Wenjing LI 2 ,
  • Ruiyang WANG 3 ,
  • Jian JIAO 3 ,
  • Zhanqiang CAO 4 ,
  • Li GAO , 1, * ,
  • Dong SHI , 1, *
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  • 1. Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. Department of Stomatology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
  • 3. First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 4. Information Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
GAO Li, e-mail,
SHI Dong e-mail,

Received date: 2025-10-10

  Online published: 2025-12-12

Supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81000440)

the New Clinical Techniques and Therapies of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology(PKUSSNCT-23G03)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Objective: To assess the short-term adjunctive effect of systemic antibiotics on non-surgical periodontal therapy and to identify predictors of treatment response in the patients with stages Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis, providing ideas for precise clinical medication. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the patients who received non-surgical periodontal treatment in the Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology from November 2007 to February 2015. A total of 521 patients with stages Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis were included. Participants were divided into two groups: those who received systemic antibiotic therapy adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) (antibiotic group, n=204) and those who underwent SRP only (non-antibiotic group, n=317). The timing of systemic antibiotic use is divided into before SRP, during SRP, and after SRP. The primary outcome was defined as the relative change in the percentage of sites with probing depth (PD) ≥5 mm. Univariable linear regression was used to identify the association between each variable and treatment efficacy, and multivariable linear regression was utilized to adjust for confounding factors and to determine the relationships of antibiotic therapy, age of the antibiotic group, and timing of antibiotic administration with the treatment efficacy. Furthermore, smooth curve fitting and piecewise linear regression model were employed to assess the potential nonlinear relationship and threshold effect between age and treatment response in the anti-biotic group. The threshold was identified by evaluating a series of potential turning points within predefined intervals and selecting the point with the maximum model likelihood. Results: Both treatment groups exhibited significant improvements in all periodontal parameters following therapy (P < 0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariable analysis revealed a significantly greater reduction in the percentage of sites with PD≥5 mm in the antibiotic group versus the non-antibiotic group (β=16.33, 95% CI: 13.40-19.27, P < 0.001). Within the antibiotic group, we identified a nonlinear association between age and therapeutic efficacy, with an inflection point at 38 years. The patients aged ≤38 years responded significantly better than those older than 38 years (P=0.022). Furthermore, the timing of antibiotic administration was a significant determinant of outcome. The most pronounced efficacy was achieved when antibiotics were administered concurrently with SRP, surpassing both pre- and post-SRP administration. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the use of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to SRP is associated with enhanced short-term clinical outcomes in stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ periodontitis. During SRP, treating younger patients (≤38 years old) with systemic antibiotics as an adjunct may yield better therapeutic effects.

Cite this article

Lianfei PAN , Wenjing LI , Ruiyang WANG , Jian JIAO , Zhanqiang CAO , Li GAO , Dong SHI . Short-term efficacy and influencing factors of systemic antibiotics as an adjunct to mechanical periodontal therapy for stages Ⅲ/Ⅳ periodontitis[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(1) : 30 -36 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.01.004

龈下刮治和根面平整(scaling and root planing, SRP)是治疗牙周炎的重要手段,但对于Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期牙周炎来说,由于牙周袋更深,或伴有根分叉病变等复杂状况,单纯SRP的治疗效果存在较大的不确定性[1-4]。为了克服单纯机械治疗的局限性,全身应用抗生素作为一种辅助治疗的策略被广泛研究和应用[5-6]。全身应用抗生素辅助SRP治疗已被证明可以在短期内显著改善探诊深度,其中阿莫西林联合甲硝唑是临床最常见的用药方案[7]。近年来, 全身应用抗生素的负面作用也受到越来越多的关注,其在牙周治疗中风险与收益的比较也一直存在争议[8-9]。目前在牙周治疗过程中是否全身应用抗生素主要取决于医生的临床经验,如何精准筛选目标人群,优化用药方案,最大程度发挥抗生素的辅助治疗作用,减少不必要的药物不良反应是亟待解决的问题。本研究旨在通过回顾性研究,评价全身应用抗生素对重度牙周炎患者的短期辅助疗效及其影响因素,探索全身应用抗生素的适用人群及合理用药时机,以期为医生提供临床决策参考。

1 资料与方法

1.1 病例选择

选择2007年11月至2015年2月在北京大学口腔医院牙周科接受过牙周机械治疗的患者病例资料进行回顾性研究。本研究开始前已经北京大学口腔医院伦理委员会审查批准(PKUSSIRB-202388077)。
纳入标准:(1)年龄18~75岁;(2)根据2018年牙周炎新分类诊断为Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期牙周炎[10-11];(3)在初次牙周系统检查(T0)和初次牙周系统治疗后的第1次牙周再评估(T1)时均有完整的牙周系统检查表,且T0和T1的时间间隔为4周到4个月(120 d);(4)T0之前1年内未行牙周治疗,本次牙周治疗的前6个月内未服用抗生素;(5)患者T0时全身健康状况及吸烟史可追溯。
排除标准:(1)全身情况不能耐受牙周机械治疗者(如妇女妊娠期、肝肾功能衰竭、急性传染病);(2)T0时口内少于20颗天然牙(不包括第三磨牙)者;(3)T0至T1期间进行过牙周或种植手术者;(4)T0至T1期间存在局部应用抗生素治疗的患牙者。

1.2 数据收集

从北京大学口腔医院信息中心的病历系统及电子牙周系统检查表中提取以下T0和T1时的患者相关参数:(1)患者一般情况:①年龄;②性别;③T0和T1的时间间隔;④吸烟史:分为吸烟、戒烟和不吸烟;⑤糖尿病患病情况:有或无;⑥基线时牙齿数量;⑦全身抗生素使用情况:有或无;⑧全身抗生素使用种类;⑨全身抗生素使用时机:SRP前(使用抗生素时没有牙齿进行SRP)、SRP中(使用抗生素时已有部分牙齿完成SRP)和SRP后(使用抗生素时所有牙齿均完成SRP)。(2)牙齿水平:①牙齿松动度:根据牙齿松动的幅度,记录为0~Ⅲ度[12];②根分叉病变(furcation involvement, FI):按照Glickman根分叉病变分级标准[13],上颌磨牙分别记录颊侧、近中、远中FI,下颌磨牙分别记录颊侧和舌侧FI;③牙龈退缩:对龈缘退缩至釉牙骨质界(cemento-enamel junction,CEJ)根方的患牙,用Williams牙周探针测量龈缘与CEJ之间的的距离,记为牙龈退缩,每颗牙颊、舌侧分别记录一个最高的牙龈退缩数值。(3)位点水平:①探诊深度(probing depth, PD):用Williams探针探查每颗牙颊和舌侧的近中、中央和远中共6个位点的PD,探诊力度约为0.20~0.25 N[14];②Mazza出血指数(bleeding index, BI):用Williams牙周探针分别对每颗牙齿颊和舌侧的近中、中央和远中共6个位点进行探诊检查,在牙周探诊后30 s评价BI,分为0~5级[15],每颗牙颊、舌侧3个位点中分别记录最高的BI值。
依据上述指标计算出每位患者PD≥5 mm位点百分比、全口平均PD、探诊后出血(bleeding on probing,BOP)位点百分比(BOP%)以及全口平均BI。

1.3 牙周检查和治疗程序

所有牙周系统检查和治疗均由牙周专科医生或其指导下的研究生进行,研究生的牙周系统检查和牙周治疗经过带教老师的校准和审核。患者在接受口腔卫生指导和全口超声龈上洁治后,进行牙周系统检查,再对PD≥4 mm位点使用超声和手工器械分区段进行SRP,一般2~4次完成,每次复诊间隔约1周。全部患者根据是否全身应用抗生素分为抗生素组和非抗生素组。是否全身应用抗生素以及用药的种类和时机由医生建议和患者意愿共同决定。口服7 d阿莫西林(0.5 g,3次/d)联合甲硝唑(0.2 g,3次/d)是最常用的用药方案。对于阿莫西林过敏的患者可使用罗红霉素(0.15 g,2次/d,6 d)作为替代方案。替硝唑(1 g,1次/d,3 d)有时会作为甲硝唑的替代药物。T0后4周至4个月(120 d),对患者的口腔卫生和牙周情况再次进行系统检查和评估,复查间隔取决于医生建议和患者依从性。

1.4 疗效评价标准

(1) 主要结局指标:PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化;(2)次要结局指标:全口平均PD变化量。

1.5 统计学分析

使用R软件(4.2.0)和EmpowerStats软件(5.2)进行统计学分析。因戒烟者样本量较小(n=22),在分析中将其与不吸烟者合并为一组。连续变量的正态性通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验和Shapiro-Francia检验进行评估,符合正态分布的连续变量以${\bar x}$±s表示,不符合正态分布的连续变量以M(Q1, Q3)表示,分类变量则以n(%)表示。在比较基线时抗生素组和非抗生素组各项指标的差异时,分类变量采用卡方检验,连续变量采用t检验(正态分布)或Mann-Whitney U检验(非正态分布)。在进行治疗前后疗效的组内比较时,符合正态分布者采用配对t检验,不符合正态分布者则采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验。
为探讨各因素与疗效的关联,首先进行单因素线性回归分析,计算回归系数及其95%CI;其次,为校正混杂因素,构建了多因素线性回归模型。在评估抗生素使用与疗效的关联时,模型Ⅰ校正了年龄、性别、吸烟史与糖尿病,模型Ⅱ在模型Ⅰ基础上进一步校正了牙周炎分期与复查间隔。在评估抗生素组中年龄和用药时机与疗效的关联时,模型Ⅰ校正了性别、吸烟史与糖尿病,模型Ⅱ则进一步校正了牙周炎分期与复查间隔。检验水准为双侧α=0.05。
此外,为深入分析抗生素组中年龄和疗效潜在的非线性关联和阈值效应,采用了平滑曲线拟合与分段线性回归模型。模型校正了性别、吸烟史、糖尿病、牙周炎分期与复查间隔。采用最大似然法确定阈值,即在预定义区间内寻找使模型似然值最大的转折点,阈值的95%置信区间采用Bootstrap重抽样法确定。

2 结果

2.1 患者一般情况

共纳入521例患者(表 1),其中女性224例,男性297例。非抗生素组有317例患者(60.84%),年龄为42.00 (33.00,50.00)岁,抗生素组有204例(39.16%),年龄为35.00 (29.75,43.00)岁。基线时与非抗生素组相比,抗生素组患者更为年轻,且牙周破坏的严重程度更高,具体表现为Ⅳ期患者占比更大,PD≥5 mm位点百分比、全口平均PD、BOP%以及全口平均BI数值更大。两组在性别、吸烟史、糖尿病及牙齿数量上的差异无统计学意义。
表1 抗生素组和非抗生素组的基线比较

Table 1 Comparison between the antibiotic group and the non-antibiotic group at T0

Antibiotic No (n=317) Yes (n=204) P
Age/years 42.00 (33.00,50.00) 35.00 (29.75,43.00) < 0.001
Gender 0.301
  Male 175 (55.21) 122 (59.80)
  Female 142 (44.79) 82 (40.20)
Smoke 0.655
  No/former smokers 269 (84.86) 176 (86.27)
  Current smokers 48 (15.14) 28 (13.73)
Diabetes 0.108
  No 304 (95.90) 189 (92.65)
  Yes 13 (4.10) 15 (7.35)
Stage < 0.001
  Ⅲ 247 (77.92) 111 (54.41)
  Ⅳ 70 (22.08) 93 (45.59)
Number of teeth 27.00 (26.00,28.00) 27.00 (25.00,28.00) 0.631
PD≥5 mm/% 27.78 (14.81,44.23) 53.03 (37.64,67.27) < 0.001
PD/mm 3.57 (3.08,4.16) 4.43 (3.81,5.02) < 0.001
BOP% 98.21 (89.29,100.00) 100.00 (100.00,100.00) < 0.001
BI 2.95 (2.38,3.52) 3.39 (2.92,3.86) < 0.001
Interval of re-evaluation/months 2.57 (2.17,3.17) 2.70 (2.19,3.33) 0.255

Data are M(Q1, Q3) or n(%). PD, probing depth; BOP, bleeding on probing; BI, bleeding index.

2.2 两组患者治疗前后的临床指标变化

两组患者治疗前后PD≥5 mm位点百分比、全口平均PD、BOP%、全口平均BI均显著减少(P < 0.001)。非抗生素组PD≥5 mm位点百分比从27.78% (14.81%,44.23%)下降至8.93% (3.57%,15.43%),全口平均PD从3.57 (3.08,4.16) mm下降至2.79 (2.54,3.07)mm,BOP%从98.21% (89.29%,100.00%)下降至81.48% (62.96%,97.73%),全口平均BI从2.95 (2.38,3.52)下降至2.07 (1.78,2.54)。抗生素组PD≥5 mm位点百分比从53.03% (37.64%,67.27%)下降至9.53% (4.98%,19.16%),全口平均PD从基线时的4.43 (3.81,5.02) mm下降至2.88 (2.54,3.21) mm,BOP%从100.00 %(100.00%,100.00%)下降至88.07% (61.61%,100.00%),全口平均BI从3.39 (2.92,3.86)下降至2.09 (1.72,2.45)。
由于两组患者T0时PD≥5 mm位点百分比存在显著差异,故采用广义加性模型探讨基线牙周状况对疗效的影响。模型校正年龄、性别、糖尿病和复查间隔后发现,两条平滑曲线存在显著分离,即在任何相同基线水平上,抗生素组的改善曲线始终位于非抗生素组上方(图 1)。
图1 T0时PD≥5 mm位点百分比与PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化的平滑曲线图

Figure 1 Smoothing plot of percentage of sites with PD≥5 mm at T0 and changes of percentage of sites with PD≥5 mm in both antibiotic group and non-antibiotic group

This model was adjusted for age, gender, diabetes, and interval of reevaluation. The non-antibiotic and antibiotic groups are represented by the red and blue lines, respectively. PD, probing depth.

2.3 各因素与疗效的单因素分析

与PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化相关的单因素分析见表 2,全身应用抗生素是PD≥5 mm位点百分比减少的最强预测因子(β=18.09, 95%CI: 15.23~ 20.94, P < 0.001)。此外,牙周炎分期更高和复查间隔更长也与PD≥5 mm位点百分比的改善显著相关,而年龄增长则与改善程度呈负相关。
表2 各因素与PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化的单因素回归分析

Table 2 Univariable regression analysis for the changes of percentage of sites with PD≥5 mm

Covariate Statistics β (95%CI) P
Age/years 39.00 (31.00, 48.00) -0.37 (-0.51, -0.24) < 0.001
Gender
  Male 297 (57.01) 0
  Female 224 (42.99) -3.23 (-6.42, -0.03) 0.048
Smoke
  No/Former smokers 445 (85.41) 0
  Current smokers 76 (14.59) -0.07 (-4.56, 4.43) 0.977
Diabetes
  No 493 (94.63) 0
  Yes 28 (5.37) 0.36 (-6.68, 7.40) 0.920
Stage
  Ⅲ 358 (68.71) 0
  Ⅳ 163 (31.29) 5.72 (2.33, 9.10) 0.001
Interval of re-evaluation/months 2.60 (2.17, 3.23) 5.67 (3.48, 7.85) < 0.001
Antibiotic
  No 317 (60.84) 0
  Yes 204 (39.16) 18.09 (15.23, 20.94) < 0.001

Data are M(Q1, Q3) or n(%). PD, probing depth.

以全口平均PD变化为结局变量进行单因素分析的结果与主要结局变量类似,全身应用抗生素、牙周炎分期更高和复查间隔更长与全口平均PD的减少显著相关,而年龄增长与全口平均PD减少呈负相关。

2.4 抗生素使用与疗效的多因素分析

在不同模型与PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化相关的多因素分析中,在逐步校正了年龄、性别、吸烟史、糖尿病、牙周炎分期和复查间隔后,抗生素的辅助疗效依然显著(β=16.33, 95%CI: 13.40~19.27, P < 0.001)。

2.5 年龄对抗生素组疗效的影响

平滑曲线图显示年龄与抗生素组的疗效之间存在明显的非线性关系(图 2),38岁是抗生素组的效应拐点(95%CI: 36~40)。年龄超过38岁时,疗效随年龄增长而显著递减(β=-0.78,95%CI: -1.20~-0.37,P < 0.001)。以38岁为分界将年龄分为≤38岁组与>38岁组进行多因素分析(表 3),校正后年龄≤38岁组的疗效更好(β=6.17, 95%CI: 0.94~11.39, P=0.022)。
图2 抗生素组年龄和PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化的平滑曲线图

Figure 2 Smoothing plot of age and changes of percentage of sites with PD≥5 mm in antibiotic group

This model was adjusted for gender, smoke, diabetes, stage and interval of re-evaluation. The red line represents the best-fit line, and the blue lines are 95% confidence intervals. PD, probing depth.

表3 抗生素组年龄和用药时机与PD≥5 mm位点百分比变化的多因素回归分析

Table 3 Multivariable regression analysis of age and timing of antibiotic use on the changes of percentage of sites with PD≥5 mm in antibiotic group

Variable Crude model Model Ⅰ Model Ⅱ
β (95%CI) P β (95%CI) P β (95%CI) P
Age/years
  >38 0 0 0
  ≤38 6.34 (1.47, 11.20) 0.011 6.58 (1.29, 11.86) 0.016 6.17 (0.94, 11.39) 0.022
Timing
  Before SRP 0 0 0
  During SRP 10.74 (4.66, 16.82) < 0.001 10.61 (4.488, 16.74) < 0.001 9.53 (3.39, 15.67) 0.003
  After SRP 6.07 (-0.61, 12.75) 0.077 5.82 (-0.92, 12.57) 0.092 4.26 (-2.46, 10.99) 0.215

PD, probing depth; CI, confidence interval; SRP, scaling and root planing. Crude model, not adjusted for other covariates; Model Ⅰ, adjusted for gender, smoke and diabetes; Model Ⅱ, adjusted for gender, smoke, diabetes, stage and interval of re-evaluation.

2.6 抗生素使用时机对疗效的影响

多因素回归分析结果表明,在SRP中使用抗生素的疗效显著优于在SRP前使用(β=9.53, 95%CI:3.39~15.67,P=0.003),而SRP前与SRP后使用抗生素的疗效差异无统计学意义。

3 讨论

本研究全身使用抗生素能显著改善Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期牙周炎的关键临床指标,这一结论与大部分学者研究结果相似,使用抗生素对深牙周袋的减少更有效。Xajigeorgiou等[16]针对43人的随机对照试验表明,与单纯SRP相比,阿莫西林联合甲硝唑或单独使用甲硝唑的患者PD>6 mm位点百分比减少更显著。Lu等[17]的预随机对照试验表明在治疗后3个月时,使用阿莫西林和甲硝唑患者的PD显著低于不用药组。Jentsch等[18]的随机对照试验共纳入58例患者,对比了SRP联合甲硝唑与SRP联合阿莫西林加甲硝唑的疗效,两组患者在治疗后3个月的平均PD、初始PD≥6 mm位点的平均PD,以及PD≥6 mm位点数量均有显著改善。
值得注意的是,既往随机对照试验普遍存在样本量较小、研究人群高度选择化、干预措施严格标准化等问题,导致难以分析多种相关因素对疗效的综合影响。此外,现有临床研究多基于西方人群开展,而针对中国人群的大样本研究较为少见。由于中国人群与西方人群在遗传背景、居住环境、饮食生活习惯及口腔卫生行为等方面存在差异,其龈下菌斑结构亦有所不同,这些因素均可能对疗效产生潜在影响[19-20]
以往研究曾把年龄作为在牙周治疗中是否全身应用抗生素的参考因素之一, Winkler等[21]回顾性比较了基于伴放线聚集杆菌(Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans)检出与基于患者年龄及牙周炎严重程度的两种抗生素决策方法,研究发现更年轻且患有更严重牙周炎的患者可能是抗生素治疗的最大获益人群。Eickholz等[22]提出55岁的年龄阈值,发现如果患者基线年龄小于55岁,27.5个月后抗生素组附着丧失进展超过1.3 mm的位点百分比显著更少,而患者基线年龄超过55岁时,两组患者出现进一步附着丧失的情况无显著差异。本研究发现对于年龄低于38岁的抗生素组患者,治疗效果可以维持在一个较高水平且不受年龄增长的影响,但是当年龄超过38岁,治疗效果随年龄增长而显著递减。本研究与之前研究结果都支持年龄可能是影响抗生素辅助疗效的重要因素,在更年轻的患者中应用抗生素可能会获得更好的疗效。但本研究发现的年龄阈值不同于以往研究,导致差异的原因可能有研究人群的差异、随访时长的差异和结局变量的不同。Eickholz等[22]关注患者用药2年后的疾病进展情况,而本研究关注患者用药后中重度探诊深度位点的短期改善情况。尚未见有研究进一步证实Eickholz等[22]提出的55岁年龄阈值,而既往许多随机对照临床试验和meta分析表明,在侵袭性牙周炎患者(大多为35岁及以下)中使用全身抗生素可以获得更好疗效[23-26],本研究发现的38岁年龄阈值与35岁更为接近。
关于抗生素的使用时机,以往多数研究认为在牙周基础治疗阶段应用抗生素的效果优于疗效复查时再应用抗生素。Beliveau等[27]和Kaner等[28]的回顾性研究结果均支持在基础治疗阶段使用阿莫西林和甲硝唑可以比3个月再评估时使用能更快降低PD。Mombelli等[29]为期1年随机对照临床试验也表明在刮治后立即应用阿莫西林和甲硝唑可以减少患者再次牙周机械治疗的需要、手术次数和治疗时间。Griffiths等[30]的随机对照临床试验也支持在牙周基础治疗期间使用抗生素效果优于再评估期间使用,但较少见有研究评价牙周基础治疗期间更细化的用药时机对疗效的影响。本研究发现SRP治疗期间用药的效果最优,与既往研究结果相似[31-32]。路瑞芳等[31]的单盲随机对照临床试验将45例患者分为非用药组、洁治后用药组和刮治后用药组,发现治疗后8周时在PD≥7 mm的位点,洁治后用药组的PD减少显著高于刮治后用药组。李熠等[32]针对30例重度慢性牙周炎患者进行双盲随机对照临床试验,发现SRP同期口服阿莫西林和甲硝唑比SRP后用药和单纯SRP的PD减少更显著。口服抗生素的疗效受到患者依从性的影响较大,患者能否足量完成服药非常重要,基于临床经验推断,患者在SRP期间依从性往往较好,而SRP后患者需要等待4~12周再复诊,用药的主动性可能会降低,这也是SRP期间用药效果更好的可能原因。
本研究存在一定的局限性。首先,研究为回顾性研究,尽管可以通过统计学方法校正混杂因素,但不能完全排除无法测量或未知的混杂因素;其次,本研究中糖尿病和吸烟患者数量较少,无法进一步评估上述因素与抗生素疗效的关联。
综上所述,口服抗生素辅助牙周机械治疗与Ⅲ期和Ⅳ期牙周炎的短期疗效改善相关,且这种关联在年龄≤38岁的患者及SRP治疗期间用药的亚组中更为明显。这些发现提示了潜在的优势人群和最佳用药时机,但尚需要前瞻性随机对照试验的进一步验证。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  潘莲菲:设计研究方案,收集与整理数据,统计学分析,撰写论文;李文静:统计学分析与修改论文;王瑞洋:收集与整理数据,修改论文;焦剑、曹战强:收集与整理数据,修改论文;高丽;统计学分析与修改论文;释栋:设计研究方案,审阅与修改论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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