Isolation, identification, and metabolic characterization of a Veillonella parvula isolated from supragingival plaque in a patient with rampant caries

  • Ziyu HE 1 ,
  • Hui ZHANG 1 ,
  • Zhibin CHEN 2 ,
  • Haixia XING , 1, * ,
  • Jie PAN , 1, *
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  • 1. Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China
XING Haixia, e-mail,
PAN Jie, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-10-10

  Online published: 2025-12-02

Supported by

the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51801003)

Copyright

All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

Abstract

Objective: To isolate and cultivate Veillonella parvula (V. parvula) from the supragingival plaque of adult patients intact teeth surfaces with rampant caries, to investigate its growth and metabolic properties, and to preliminarily explore its interaction with Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Methods: V. parvula was isolated from the supragingival plaque of intact teeth surfaces in an adult patient with rampant caries using Veillonella agar medium. Identification was performed based on colony morphology, biochemical tests, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The clinically isolated strain was cultured in brain heart infusion broth (BHI) supplemented with 120 mmol/L lactate in an anaerobic chamber. Its growth curve and lactate metabolism over 24 h were assessed. Co-culture with S. mutans was conducted to measure lactate accumulation and pH value changes in the culture system. Biofilm structure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the biofilm biomass was compared using crystal violet staining, providing initial insights into their interaction. Results: Through biochemical identification and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, one wild type strain of V. parvula was isolated from the supragingival plaque of intact teeth surfaces in an adult patient with rampant caries. When the wild type V. parvula and the reference strain V. parvula were cultured over 24 h, their growth curves and the trends in the residual lactate concentration in the medium differed, with the differences being statistically significant (F=10.431, P < 0.001; F=5.641, P < 0.05). In co-culture with S. mutans, the group with the wild type V. parvula formed a denser bacterial biofilm structure and had a greater biofilm biomass at 12 h compared with the group with the reference strain V. parvula (P < 0.001). At 24 h, the cumulative lactate concentration produced by the co-culture group with the wild type V. parvula reached as high as 65 mmol/L, which was significantly higher than that in the co-culture group with the reference strain V. parvula and the S. mutans mono-culture group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The strain of V. parvula which we isolated from supragingival dental plaque exhibited superior growth, lactate metabolism, and a greater capacity to promote S. mutans biofilm formation than the reference strain, ultimately accelerating the initiation of early carious lesions.

Cite this article

Ziyu HE , Hui ZHANG , Zhibin CHEN , Haixia XING , Jie PAN . Isolation, identification, and metabolic characterization of a Veillonella parvula isolated from supragingival plaque in a patient with rampant caries[J]. Journal of Peking University(Health Sciences), 2026 , 58(1) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.01.007

龋病是人类口腔中最常见的硬组织疾病,是一种细菌生物膜介导的、糖驱动的、多因素参与的动态疾病,表现为牙齿硬组织的周期性脱矿与再矿化[1]。临床中发现接受头颈部放化疗的患者、干燥综合征患者和一些有严重全身疾病的患者患龋率显著高于健康人群,并且龋病进展速度很快,多表现为猛性龋[2-4]。根据“生态菌斑学说”,这类人群的牙菌斑生物膜微环境受到局部和全身因素影响,微生物群落之间的平衡被打破,出现致龋菌增多、菌群失调[5],微环境处于酸性状态,最终导致牙齿脱矿,发生猛性龋。对这类人群的唾液及龈上菌斑进行高通量测序分析发现,其口腔微生物菌落多样性下降[6-7],致龋菌如变异链球菌(Streptococcus mutansS. mutans)、乳酸杆菌等产酸菌占比较高。值得注意的是,有研究发现小韦荣球菌(Vellonella parvula, V. parvula)在这类人群唾液及龈上菌斑中的丰度显著高于健康对照组[8-11]
V. parvula在龋病发生发展中的作用存在争议,V. parvula缺乏葡萄糖激酶,无法直接代谢葡萄糖,乳酸是其主要碳源[12]V. parvula通过消耗乳酸可能减缓酸性环境形成,曾被认为具有一定的防龋潜力[12-13]。然而近年研究发现,龋高危人群唾液及龈上菌斑中V. parvula的丰度显著上升[8-10]V. parvula在龋病发生发展中可能发挥着重要的“辅助病原体”作用[14]。体外研究发现,V. parvula可以增强S. mutans产酸及耐酸能力,上调S. mutansgtfBgtfC基因的表达,促进胞外多糖(extracellular polymetric substances, EPS)合成,显著增强S. mutans的致龋能力,并加速致龋性牙菌斑生物膜形成[15-18]。根据生态菌斑假说[5],牙菌斑的低pH、缺氧微环境可迫使细菌适应性地调整其代谢途径与毒力特性。因此,我们推测从成年猛性龋患者健康牙面的龈上菌斑中分离的野生株V. parvula,可能具备特异的代谢适应性,表现出不同于标准株V. parvula的生长与代谢特性,从而在成年猛性龋发生发展中发挥更显著的生态致病作用。
V. parvula作为一类专性厌氧菌,其增殖速率较为迟缓,且对培养环境高度敏感,因此,在成人口腔临床样本中实现该菌属的分离与纯培养具有一定难度。曾有学者成功从牙菌斑中分离出野生株V. parvula,但在厌氧培养48~72 h后细菌未能传代成功[19-20]。因此,目前大多数体外研究仍依赖于标准菌种保藏中心提供的标准株V. parvula。为获取野生株V. parvula并验证其在猛性龋发生中的作用,本研究拟采集成年猛性龋患者健康牙面的龈上菌斑样本,采用选择性培养技术进行野生株V. parvula的分离培养。通过菌落及细胞形态学观察并结合16S rRNA基因测序对分离所得的野生株V. parvula进行基因鉴定,检测其生长曲线及乳酸代谢能力。进一步将野生株V. parvulaS. mutans进行共培养,初步探究两者的互相作用关系。

1 资料与方法

1.1 样本采集及选择性培养

纳入标准:猛性龋患者,龋失补牙(decayed-missing-filled-tooth,DMFT)指数≥10,余留牙≥10颗。排除标准:严重的全身系统疾病,例如高血压、糖尿病等;标本采集前3个月服用抗生素、抗真菌药物及可导致口干症状的药物。
根据纳入及排除标准,纳入1例2025年2月在北京大学口腔医院综合治疗科就诊的初诊患者,DMFT指数21,余留牙26颗,无高血压、糖尿病,近3个月未服用抗生素、抗真菌药物及可导致口干症状的药物。受试者需要在预约时间空腹到医院进行1次全面的口腔检查。检查由两名具有高级职称的口腔内科医师进行。本试验获得北京大学口腔医学院生物医学伦理委员会批准(PKUSSIRB-2024105220),研究对象已签署知情同意书。
分别于受试者口内四个象限至少6颗牙齿的完好牙面上采集龈上菌斑,采样方法参考文献[21]。使用无菌挖匙收集龈上菌斑,放入含有0.8 mL磷酸缓冲盐溶液(phosphate-buffered saline, PBS, 10 mmol/L, pH 7.4)的1.5 mL离心管中,收集后立即将样本放在干冰盒中运送到北京大学口腔医学院微生物实验室。

1.2 分离培养与鉴定

收集的菌斑样本通过系列稀释法稀释至10-5,然后取适宜稀释度的菌液接种至添加7.5 g/L万古霉素、含0.5 g/L碱性品红的韦荣氏球菌琼脂培养基(pH 7.0,山东拓普生物工程有限公司,中国)中,在厌氧箱(37 ℃,氮气80%、氢气10%、二氧化碳10%)内孵育48~ 72 h。菌落形成后,根据细菌在固体平板上生长的能力及典型的菌落外观,挑选菌落周围有脱色现象的单克隆进行划线纯化2~3次,直至菌落形态一致。挑选单克隆加入到韦荣氏球菌培养基内厌氧培养10 h,离心4 500 r/min, 10 min, 4 ℃,收集菌体沉淀,加入PBS缓冲液制成菌悬液。取0.5 mL菌悬液涂片进行革兰氏染色,用光学显微镜观察菌落形态。将0.5 mL菌悬液离心,4 500 r/min, 10 min, 4 ℃,加入25 g/L戊二醛(北京索莱宝科技有限公司,中国)4 ℃过夜固定,用1~2 mL PBS缓冲液洗净,乙醇梯度脱水,干燥,样本喷金处理后,用扫描电镜(Hitachi公司,日本)进行观察菌落形态;剩余菌悬液保存至-80 ℃冰箱。若菌落形态与V. parvula一致,则挑取单克隆进行16S rRNA测序,反之则重复上述步骤重新分离培养。
菌株的DNA提取、PCR扩增和16S rRNA测序等由睿博兴科生物技术有限公司提供。以临床分离株基因组DNA为模版,利用通用引物27F(5′-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R(5′-TACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′),扩增其16S rRNA基因片段,纯化后采用Sanger法完成测序。基于所得序列,通过美国国立生物技术信息中心(National Center for Biotechnology Information, NCBI),用生物大分子序列比对搜索工具(basic local alignment search tool,BLAST)进行同源性分析,获取高相似性序列;应用MEGA 11.0软件中的邻接法构建系统发育树。临床分离株经鉴定是V. parvula后再进行后续实验,反之则重复上述步骤重新分离、培养及鉴定。

1.3 野生株V. parvula与标准株V. parvula生长曲线及乳酸代谢能力测定

采用96孔板法在厌氧条件下测定菌株生长曲线。研究中使用的标准株V. parvula (编号:BNCC 294853)从中国普通微生物菌种保藏中心购入。将野生株V. parvula与标准株V. parvula复苏经生化鉴定后,分别接种于含5%(体积分数)无菌脱纤维羊血脑心浸出液肉汤(brain heart infusion broth, BHI)琼脂培养基的固体平板上,厌氧培养48 h。分别挑选固体平板上的单克隆接种至含120 mmol/L乳酸的BHI液体培养基中,厌氧箱内静置培养至对数生长期后期,用含120 mmol/L乳酸的BHI液体培养基稀释菌液,调节两组菌液在波长600 nm处的光密度值=0.020±0.005后,厌氧箱内静置培养24 h。
分别在第0、2、4、8、10、12、18、24 h吸取菌悬液,加入96孔板内测量光密度值,用pH计(LAQUAtwin公司,日本)测量菌液pH值,用乳酸试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所,中国)检测菌液内乳酸含量。

1.4 细菌生物膜的培养、形态结构观察及代谢产物分析

1.4.1 细菌生物膜的培养

S. mutans由北京大学口腔医学院中心实验室微生物平台提供。分组如下:单培养组:野生株V. parvula,标准株V. parvulaS. mutans;共培养组:野生株V. parvula+S. mutans,标准株V. parvula+S. mutans。参照第1.3小节的步骤,用含10 g/L蔗糖的BHI溶液,调节野生株V. parvula、标准株V. parvulaS. mutans的菌液在波长600 nm处的光密度值=0.020±0.005。在厌氧箱内使用24孔板对细菌生物膜进行培养,其中单培养组每孔加入1 mL菌液和1 mL含10 g/L蔗糖BHI溶液,共培养组每孔分别加入两种菌液各1 mL。

1.4.2 扫描电镜下观察细菌生物膜的形态结构

厌氧箱内静置培养24 h后取出24孔板,用PBS缓冲液漂洗,每孔加入25 g/L戊二醛4 ℃过夜固定后,PBS缓冲液洗净,乙醇梯度脱水,干燥,样本喷金处理后,扫描电镜下观察细菌生物膜的形态结构。

1.4.3 细菌生物膜结晶紫染色

厌氧箱内静置培养12 h和24 h后分别取出24孔板,用PBS缓冲液洗净细菌生物膜,每孔加入40 g/L多聚甲醇室温下静置固定15 min,PBS缓冲液洗净,干燥。结晶紫染色后在光学显微镜(奥林帕斯公司,日本)下观察细菌生物膜结构,每孔加入1 g/L结晶紫(北京索莱宝科技有限公司,中国)染色30 min,用PBS缓冲液冲洗掉多余染液,干燥,光学显微镜下观察生物膜的形态结构。结晶紫染色后对细菌生物膜形成量进行半定量分析,每孔加入40 g/L多聚甲醇(北京索莱宝科技有限公司,中国)室温静置下固定15 min,加入PBS缓冲液洗净,干燥,1 g/L结晶紫染色30 min,PBS缓冲液冲掉多余染液,干燥,每孔加入1 mL 95%(体积分数)乙醇脱色15 min,每孔吸取100 μL液体至96孔板,每孔设置3个复孔,测定波长595 nm处的光密度值。

1.4.4 测定菌液中的乳酸浓度及pH值

第2、4、8、10、12、24 h收集24孔板中的菌液,离心10 000 r/min,10 min,4 ℃,收集上清液,使用乳酸试剂盒和pH计分别测定上清液中乳酸的浓度及pH值。

1.5 统计学分析

实验数据为至少3个平行试验的平均值。采用SPSS 21.0软件进行分析,采用GraphPad Prism 8.1软件作图。在进行对野生株V. parvula和标准株V. parvula生长能力及乳酸消耗情况随时间变化趋势的比较时,采用两因素多水平重复测量设计的方差分析;两组间的差异评估采用双尾Student t检验(参数检验)、Mann-Whitney U检验(非参数检验)或Fisher精确概率检验;超过两组间的差异评估则采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA;参数检验)或Kruskal-Wallis检验(非参数检验),后续进行Bonferroni多重比较检验, P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 临床分离株的形态学特征及16S rRNA测序结果

2.1.1 临床分离株的形态学特征

在含0.5 g/L碱性品红的固体平板上厌氧培养临床分离株72 h,观察到脱色现象,这一特性与Veillonella属其他菌种模式株(如非典型Veillonella、殊异Veillonella、罗氏Veillonella)的表现一致,见图 1A,可以作为初步鉴定Veillonella属的标志之一。将临床分离株接种至5%(体积分数)无菌脱纤维羊血的固体平板上,厌氧培养48 h,形成的菌落呈圆形、光滑、黄白色、不透明,直径2~4 mm,无溶血环,见图 1B。光学显微镜下观察革兰氏染色后的临床分离株,表现为革兰氏阴性小球菌,呈单或成对排列,不形成芽孢且无运动性,见图 1C,扫描电镜下观察,表现为直径约为1 μm,椭圆形,多呈聚集状态,见图 1D
图1 临床分离株的菌落形态

Figure 1 Images of the clinically isolated strain

A, colony morphology of the clinically isolated strain in the selective Veillonella agar; B, colony morphology of the clinically isolated strain in the blood agar; C, Gram stain results of the clinically isolated strain (×1 000); D, scanning electron microscope image of the clinically isolated strain (×10 000).

2.1.2 16S rRNA测序鉴定

从临床分离株扩增出1 428 bp的16S rRNA片段,在NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)中登陆号为CD0DFRS014。测序结果在NCBI中用BLAST进行比对分析,显示与已测出全基因组菌株V. parvula DSM 2008具有99.49%一致性。用MEGA 11.0软件中的邻接法构建系统发育树,临床分离株与V. parvula f34聚为一类,见图 2。结合形态学及生理生化特征,鉴定该临床分离株为V. parvula,将该临床分离株称为野生株V. parvula
图2 临床分离株的系统发育树

Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree of the clinically isolated strain

Number at notes present bootstrap percentages; Numbers in the front of these strains represent the sequences accesion number in National Center for Biotechnology Information GenBank.

2.2 野生株V. parvula的生长曲线及乳酸代谢能力

野生株V. parvula与标准株V. parvula在24 h内的生长能力与乳酸消耗情况随时间变化趋势不同,二者差异存在统计学意义(图 3AF=10.431,P<0.001;图 3B: F=5.641,P<0.05)。在含有120 mmol/L乳酸的培养基中,2~4 h开始进入对数生长阶段,12~14 h进入平台期。但在生长对数期,野生株V. parvula相对于标准株V. parvula的波长600 nm处的光密度值更高,即细菌数量更多,生长更活跃,4~24 h期间差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.001),见图 3A。在培养4 h后,野生株V. parvula培养基内乳酸浓度均低于标准株V. parvula(P < 0.05),见图 3B。同时在24 h培养期间,野生株V. parvula培养基内的pH值从7.01缓慢下降到6.85,标准株V. parvula培养基内的pH值从7.01缓慢下降到6.86,二者之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。
图3 野生株V. parvula与标准株V. parvula的生长曲线及培养基内乳酸浓度

Figure 3 Comparison of growth curves and lactate concentration in broth between the wild type strain V. parvula and the reference strian V.parvula

A, growth curves of the wild type strain V. parvula and the reference strian V.parvula; B, curve of lactate concentration during an observation period of 24 h. All data are presented as the mean±SD from at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, * *P < 0.01, * * *P < 0.001.

2.3 细菌生物膜的形态结构

扫描电镜下观察各组,发现单培养组中的野生株V. parvula和标准株V. parvula几乎不形成细菌生物膜(图 4AB);S. mutans单培养时形成的细菌生物膜结构相对较薄且多孔(图 4C1C2),而与野生株V. parvula共培养时形成的细菌生物膜更厚、更致密(图 4D1D2)。同时还观察到野生株V. parvula与标准株V. parvula通常都会聚集并附着于S. mutans的长链结构表面,这些链状结构被致密的细胞外基质包裹,形成的细菌生物膜厚度显著增加,结构更为致密(图 4D1D2图 4E1E2)。对细菌生物膜进行结晶紫染色后在光学显微镜下观察,同样发现12 h和24 h时野生株V. parvulaS. mutans共培养时形成的细菌生物膜致密度明显高于S. mutans单培养时形成的细菌生物膜(图 5)。
图4 扫描电镜下观察生物膜形态结构

Figure 4 Representative scanning electron microscopy images of biofilms

A, wild type strain V. parvula; B, reference strian V.parvula; C, S.mutans; D, wild type strain V. parvula+S.mutans; E, reference strian V.parvula+S.mutans. 1, magnification ×1 000; 2, magnification ×10 000.

图5 光学显微镜下观察结晶紫染色结果(× 1 000)

Figure 5 Representative crystal violet staining images of biofilms under optical microscope (×1 000)

A, wild type strain V. parvula; B, reference strian V.parvula; C, S.mutans; D, wild type strain V. parvula+S.mutans; E, reference strian V.parvula+S.mutans. 1, 12 h; 2, 24 h.

2.4 结晶紫染色半定量分析细菌生物膜量

12 h和24 h时野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组和标准株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组形成的生物膜量显著高于S. mutans单培养组(P < 0.001);12 h时野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组形成的生物膜量最高(P < 0.001),见图 6
图6 结晶紫染色的半定量分析细菌生物膜量

Figure 6 Semiquantitative analysis of crystal violet staining

The experiments were performed in biological and technical triplicates. All data are presented as the mean±SD from at least three independent experiments. * * *P < 0.001.

24 h培养期间内发现10 h后野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组和标准株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组中的乳酸浓度显著高于S. mutans单培养组(P < 0.001),24 h时野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组中的乳酸浓度最高(P < 0.01),见图 7A。野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组的pH值更早下降到较低的水平(P < 0.001),见图 7B。野生株V. parvula与标准株V. parvula单培养组的pH值缓慢下降为6.87~6.85后保持稳定。
图7 V. parvulaS. mutans共培养组中乳酸积累量及pH值的变化

Figure 7 Changes in lactate accumulation and pH values in a co-culture group of V. parvula and S. mutans

A, lactate concentration of single-and dual-species biofilms; B, pH value of single-and dual-species biofilms. All data are presented as the mean±SD from at least three independent experiments. * *P < 0.01, * * *P < 0.001.

3 讨论

产酸菌S. mutans因其强大的产酸、耐酸能力以及利用蔗糖合成EPS形成生物膜的能力,被视为最主要的致龋病原体[22-23]。近年研究[17, 24-25]发现, V. parvula通过利用S. mutans产生的乳酸除满足自身生长代谢需求外,同时还具有促进S. mutans生长和形成生物膜的能力,进而间接促进了龋病发生发展。V. parvula是严格厌氧菌,对生长环境要求较高,在体外选择性培养时极难被成功分离,本研究成功自猛性龋患者健康牙面的龈上菌斑中分离并纯化出1株野生株V. parvula
从猛性龋患者健康牙面的龈上菌斑中分离出的野生株V. parvula,其生长及代谢特性均发生了适应性变化。本研究发现野生株V. parvula在4 h后生长曲线显著高于标准株V. parvula,培养4 h和6 h时乳酸消耗量明显增加,提示野生株V. parvula具备更快的生长速度和更强的乳酸代谢能力。这表明在猛性龋患者牙菌斑菌群失调的环境压力下,野生株V. parvula发生了适应性表型改变[26],进化出了更高效的能量代谢策略,以适应富含乳酸且波动剧烈的微环境。值得注意的是,野生株V. parvula来源于猛性龋患者健康牙面的龈上菌斑,说明在猛性龋患者中,即便釉质尚未出现明显脱矿,局部菌斑生态也已发生改变,在未能有效逆转这种微环境失衡的情况下,龋病的发生几乎不可避免。
V. parvula,尤其是从龈上菌斑中分离出的野生株V. parvula,能够促进S. mutans形成细菌生物膜,加速龋病发生发展。本研究发现野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组和标准株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组在12 h时即可形成较致密细菌生物膜,并且野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组在12 h形成的生物膜量显著高于标准株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组和S.mutans单培养组(P < 0.001)。本研究在扫描电镜下发现野生株V. parvula和标准株V. parvulaS. mutans构成的双菌种生物膜中的细菌会形成有序的空间排列,野生株V. parvula和标准株V. parvula常常聚集附着于S. mutans的长链结构表面,并被致密的细胞外基质包裹,与Kara等[27]研究结果类似。这可能是由于S. mutans产生的葡聚糖基质能够为V. parvula提供附着支架,V. parvula表面存在的荚膜多糖可以被S. mutans的葡聚糖结合蛋白识别后形成黏附基质,双菌种交错生长进一步加固生物膜[28]。然而,目前介导V. parvulaS. mutans直接黏附的关键表面蛋白分子及其受体尚未被阐明,是未来需要进一步探索的方向。
V. parvulaS. mutans的相互作用不仅是空间共存,更体现为一种积极的代谢共生关系。V. parvula消耗S. mutans产生的乳酸作为“营养源”,缓解了乳酸积累对S. mutans糖酵解途径的反馈抑制,从而促进S. mutans继续代谢产酸,降低微环境局部pH值,实现代谢上的互相喂养作用[18]。本研究发现在培养期间,野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组、标准株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组及S. mutans单培养组的pH值都表现为逐渐降低的趋势,并在12 h下降到4.0后保持稳定。这一结果与Liu等[17]的研究相似,但Liu等未对培养体系中的乳酸含量进行测量及分析。本研究进一步发现野生株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组和标准株V. parvula+S. mutans共培养组中的乳酸浓度不断增加,显著高于S.mutans单培养组(P < 0.001),说明野生株V. parvula和标准株V. parvula并没有通过消耗S.mutans代谢产物中的乳酸提高培养体系中的pH值,而是解除了乳酸对S. mutans的反馈抑制作用,促进了S. mutans生长与进一步产酸。这一结果不同于Kara等[27]的研究,后者研究显示在V. parvulaS. mutans的共培养时累积的乳酸会减少。推测这可能是因为本研究为了更好地模拟进食后口腔中真实的含糖微环境,在培养体系中加入了10 g/L蔗糖,蔗糖的存在促进了S. mutans合成EPS,构建了一个更加结构化的细菌生物膜微环境[29],提高了V. parvulaS. mutans相互作用的效率,使S. mutans与野生株V. parvula共培养组和S. mutans与标准株V. parvula共培养组的最终乳酸累积的总量高于S. mutans单培养组。本研究还发现,24 h野生株V. parvulaS. mutans共培养组内的乳酸浓度可至65 mmol/L,显著高于标准株V. parvulaS. mutans共培养组和S. mutans单培养组(P < 0.001)。这表明V. parvula的生态作用是依赖生态微环境的,不能单纯因V. parvula可以消耗乳酸而被视为“益生菌”。在猛性龋患者的牙菌斑环境中,野生株V. parvula发生的适应性改变可能有更强的促龋潜能,可导致牙釉质早期出现脱矿。
本研究存在一定的局限性:首先,目前的共培养体系仍为简化的体外模型,无法还原唾液流动及复杂菌群等口腔真实生态;本研究仅对1株高活性野生株V. parvula进行了深入研究,还需纳入不同龋患部位,并扩大菌株的筛选规模,以验证此现象的普适性。V. parvulaS. mutans协同互作的具体分子机制将是未来研究的重点。
综上,本研究从猛性龋患者健康牙面的龈上菌斑中成功分离出1株高活性野生株V. parvula,该菌株表现出显著的代谢适应性改变,具有较强的生长代谢能力,并能显著增强S. mutans的产酸及生物膜形成能力,初步揭示了V. parvulaS. mutans的生态互相作用在龋病发生中的关键作用,为精准防龋的生态学干预提供了新思路。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  何梓玉:收集、分析、整理数据,撰写论文;张辉:收集数据,协助实验研究;陈智滨:设计研究方案和审定论文;邢海霞:提出研究思路,设计研究方案和审定论文;潘洁:总体把关和审定论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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