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北京大学学报（医学版） ›› 2025, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (3): 442-447. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.03.006

• 论著 • 上一篇    下一篇

我国10省幼儿园5~6岁儿童近视和近视前期流行特征

唐孟利1,2, 刘扬1,2, 秦冉3, 郭欣3,4,*(), 李宏田1,2,5,*()   

  1. 1. 北京大学生育健康研究所/国家卫生健康委员会生育健康重点实验室(北京大学公共卫生学院), 北京 100191
    2. 北京大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系, 北京 100191
    3. 北京市疾病预防控制中心学校卫生所, 北京 100013
    4. 中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所, 北京 102200
    5. 北京大学人工智能研究院智慧公众健康研究中心, 北京 100871
  • 收稿日期:2025-02-08 出版日期:2025-06-18 发布日期:2025-06-13
  • 通讯作者: 郭欣, 李宏田
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2702102); 北京市卫生健康委员会高层次公共卫生技术人才建设项目(领军人才-01-09)

Epidemiological characteristics of myopia and pre-myopia among preschool children aged 5-6 years in ten provinces of China

Mengli TANG1,2, Yang LIU1,2, Ran QIN3, Xin GUO3,4,*(), Hongtian LI1,2,5,*()   

  1. 1. Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing 100191, China
    3. Department of School Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing 100013, China
    4. National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102200, China
    5. Center for Intelligent Public Health, Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Received:2025-02-08 Online:2025-06-18 Published:2025-06-13
  • Contact: Xin GUO, Hongtian LI
  • Supported by:
    the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2702102); the Beijing Municipal Health Commission High-level Public Health Technical Talent Development Project(领军人才-01-09)

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摘要：

目的: 描述我国10省或直辖市(以下简称为“省”)幼儿园5~6岁儿童近视和近视前期的流行特征，为防控近视和配置相关资源提供依据。方法: 采用方便抽样抽取我国10省21个地级市幼儿园，对其中5~6岁儿童行睫状肌麻痹屈光检查。采用频数和百分比描述近视、近视前期流行特征，采用卡方检验比较不同经济发展水平地区、男女生近视和近视前期的分布差异，双侧检验水准α=0.05。结果: 共调查幼儿园5~6岁儿童12 926名，近视率为5.5%，近视及近视前期总的发生率为43.4%。男女生的近视率差异无统计学意义(5.7% vs. 5.2%)，但男生近视及近视前期总的发生率显著高于女生(46.4% vs. 40.1%)。按省分层发现，8省男生近视率均略高于女生(P>0.05)，10省男生近视及近视前期总的发生率均高于女生，其中5省差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。将各省调查地区按人均生产总值(gross domestic product, GDP)分为经济发展水平相对较高和相对较低两类，近视率在2省发展水平相对较高的地区更高，在2省发展水平相对较低的地区更高，在另外6省两类地区的近视率差异无统计学意义；近视及近视前期总的发生率在3省发展水平相对较高的地区更高，在3省发展水平相对较低的地区更高，在另外4省两类地区的差异无统计学意义。结论: 幼儿园5~6岁儿童近视及近视前期总的发生率较高，男生近视及近视前期总的发生率略高于女生，近视率无明显差异，各省经济发展水平与近视及近视前期的发生率均未呈现统一关联。

关键词: 学龄前儿童, 近视, 近视前期, 散瞳, 屈光, 眼

Abstract:

Objective: To describe the prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia among preschool children aged 5-6 years in ten provinces or municipalities (hereinafter referred to as province) of China, and to provide a reference for the prevention and control of myopia, and the allocation of related health resources. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to select preschool children aged 5-6 years from 21 cities in 10 provinces (including 8 provinces and 2 municipalities) in China. Cycloplegic autorefraction was conducted. The distribution of myopia and pre-myopia was described using frequencies and percentages. The Chi-square test was used to compare the differences in the prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia between regions with different varying economic development levels and between boys and girls, with a significance level of α=0.05. Results: A total of 12 926 preschool children aged 5-6 years were surveyed. The myopia prevalence was 5.5%, and the overall prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia was 43.4%. Boys had higher rates of myopia and overall prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia than girls (5.7% vs. 5.2%, 46.4% vs. 40.1%), though the difference in myopia prevalence was not statistically significant. Stratified analysis by the province, there was no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of myopia between boys and girls in any province (P>0.05), but in 8 provinces, the prevalence of myopia in boys was slightly higher than in girls. The overall prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia in boys was higher than in girls across all the 10 provinces, with 5 provinces showing statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). The investigated areas were divided into two categories, relatively more-developed areas and relatively less-developed areas, based on per capita gross domestic product (GDP). In 6 provinces, there was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of myopia between the two categories of areas. In 2 provinces, the prevalence was higher in relatively more-developed areas, and in 2 provinces, it was higher in relatively less-developed areas. In 4 provinces, there was no statistically significant difference in the overall prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia between the two categories of areas with relatively more-developed and relatively less-developed areas. In 3 provinces, the prevalence was higher in relatively more-developed areas, and in 3 provinces, it was higher in relatively less-developed areas. Conclusion: The prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia among preschool children aged 5-6 years is relatively high. Boys show higher overall prevalence of myopia and pre-myopia than girls, but there is no significant difference in the prevalence of myopia. There is no consistent association between the level of economic development and the incidence of myopia and pre-myopia in each province.

Key words: Preschool children, Myopia, Pre-myopia, Mydriatics, Refraction, ocular

中图分类号: 

  • R179

表1

我国10省或直辖市幼儿园5~6岁儿童近视和近视前期的发生率"

Province Sample Pre-myopia Myopia
n % n %
Beijing 971 339 34.9 30 3.1
Shanxi 1 721 1 078 62.6 172 10.0
Liaoning 439 221 50.3 91 20.7
Zhejiang 628 90 14.3 12 1.9
Shandong 954 366 38.4 37 3.9
Henan 711 277 39.0 58 8.2
Hunan 2 952 1 058 35.8 72 2.4
Guangdong 3 224 1 013 31.4 104 3.2
Chongqing 681 232 34.1 23 3.4
Shaanxi 645 234 36.3 109 16.9
Total 12 926 4 908 38.0 708 5.5

表2

我国10省或直辖市幼儿园5~6岁儿童男女生近视及近视前期的发生率"

Province Boys Girls χ2a Pa χ2b Pb Difference (95%CI)a Difference (95%CI)b
Sample Pre-myopia, n (%) Myopia, n (%) Sample Pre-myopia, n (%) Myopia, n (%)
Beijing 510 204 (40.0) 18 (3.5) 461 135 (29.3) 12 (2.6) 0.69 0.40 13.93 < 0.01 0.9 (-1.2, 3.1) 11.6 (5.6, 17.7)
Shanxi 868 552 (63.6) 95 (10.9) 853 526 (61.7) 77 (9.0) 1.76 0.18 3.20 0.07 1.9 (-0.9, 4.7) 3.8 (-0.4, 8.1)
Liaoning 219 115 (52.5) 46 (21.0) 220 106 (48.2) 45 (20.5) 0.02 0.89 1.27 0.26 0.6 (-7.0, 8.1) 4.9 (-3.6, 13.4)
Zhejiang 330 49 (14.8) 8 (2.4) 298 41 (13.8) 4 (1.3) 0.98 0.32 0.54 0.46 1.1 (-1.0, 3.2) 2.2 (-3.6, 7.9)
Shandong 519 228 (43.9) 21 (4.0) 435 138 (31.7) 16 (3.7) 0.09 0.77 15.34 < 0.01 0.4 (-2.1, 2.8) 12.6 (6.4, 18.8)
Henan 376 154 (41.0) 34 (9.0) 335 123 (36.7) 24 (7.2) 0.83 0.36 2.66 0.10 1.9 (-2.1, 5.9) 6.1 (-1.2, 13.5)
Hunan 1 581 613 (38.8) 41 (2.6) 1 371 445 (32.5) 31 (2.3) 0.34 0.56 13.73 < 0.01 0.3 (-0.8, 1.4) 6.6 (3.1, 10.1)
Guangdong 1 752 597 (34.1) 62 (3.5) 1 472 416 (28.3) 42 (2.9) 1.20 0.27 14.93 < 0.01 0.7 (-0.5, 1.9) 6.5 (3.2, 9.8)
Chongqing 363 136 (37.5) 11 (3.0) 318 96 (30.2) 12 (3.8) 0.29 0.59 3.09 0.08 -0.7 (-3.5, 2.0) 6.5 (-0.7, 13.8)
Shaanxi 351 144 (41.0) 57 (16.2) 294 90 (30.6) 52 (17.7) 0.24 0.63 5.17 0.02 -1.4 (-7.3, 4.4) 9.0 (1.3, 16.7)
Total 6 869 2 792 (40.7) 393 (5.7) 6 057 2 116 (34.9) 315 (5.2) 1.69 0.19 50.88 < 0.01 0.5 (-0.3, 1.3) 6.2 (4.5, 7.9)

表3

我国10省或直辖市经济发展水平不同地区幼儿园5~6岁儿童近视及近视前期的发生率"

Province Relatively more-developed areas Relatively less-developed areas χ2a Pa χ2b Pb Difference (95%CI)a Difference (95%CI)b
Sample Pre-myopia, n (%) Myopia, n (%) Sample Pre-myopia, n (%) Myopia, n (%)
Beijing 86 31 (36.0) 7 (8.1) 885 308 (34.8) 23 (2.6) 8.04 < 0.01 1.53 0.22 5.5 (-0.3, 11.4) 6.8 (-4.2, 17.8)
Shanxi 237 99 (41.8) 7 (3.0) 1 484 979 (66.0) 165 (11.1) 15.15 < 0.01 107.68 < 0.01 -8.2 (-10.8, -5.5) -32.4 (-39.0, -25.7)
Liaoning 203 113 (55.7) 48 (23.6) 236 108 (45.8) 43 (18.2) 1.95 0.16 12.47 < 0.01 5.4 (-2.2, 13.1) 15.3 (7.0, 23.6)
Zhejiang 214 34 (15.9) 6 (2.8) 414 56 (13.5) 6 (1.4) 1.38 0.24 1.43 0.23 1.4 (-1.1, 3.8) 3.7 (-2.5, 10.0)
Shandong 359 144 (40.1) 13 (3.6) 595 222 (37.3) 24 (4.0) 0.10 0.75 0.52 0.47 -0.4 (-2.9, 2.1) 2.4 (-4.1, 8.9)
Henan 378 112 (29.6) 15 (4.0) 333 165 (49.5) 43 (12.9) 18.91 < 0.01 59.20 < 0.01 -8.9 (-13.0, -4.8) -28.9 (-35.9, -21.8)
Hunan 1 559 617 (39.6) 42 (2.7) 1 393 441 (31.7) 30 (2.2) 0.90 0.34 22.28 < 0.01 0.5 (-0.6, 1.6) 8.5 (5.0, 11.9)
Guangdong 1 815 540 (29.8) 51 (2.8) 1 409 473 (33.6) 53 (3.8) 2.30 0.13 7.97 < 0.01 -1.0 (-2.2, 0.3) -4.8 (-8.1, -1.4)
Chongqing 345 108 (31.3) 15 (4.3) 336 124 (36.9) 8 (2.4) 2.02 0.16 0.96 0.33 2.0 (-0.7, 4.7) -3.6 (-10.9, 3.6)
Shaanxi 324 142 (43.8) 97 (29.9) 321 92 (28.7) 12 (3.7) 78.82 < 0.01 110.82 < 0.01 26.2 (20.8, 31.6) 41.4 (34.4, 48.4)
Total 5 520 1 940 (35.1) 301 (5.5) 7 406 2 968 (40.1) 407 (5.5) 0.01 0.92 31.84 < 0.01 -0.0 (-0.8, 0.8) -5.0 (-6.7, -3.3)
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