目的：了解2005年至2014年中国7~18岁儿童青少年营养不良的流行现状及其变化趋势，为改善学生的营养状况提供依据。方法：利用2005年、 2010年和2014年3次“中国学生体质与健康调研”数据，按照2014年颁布的国家卫生标准《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准》（WS/T456-2014）， 对中国31个省市自治区（除港澳台）7~18岁儿童青少年的营养不良检出率分性别、分年龄、分地区和省市自治区以及年份进行分析，西藏自治区为藏族学生，其他30个省市自治区均为汉族学生。结果：2014年中国7~18岁汉族学生的营养不良检出率为10.0%，其中生长迟缓、中重度消瘦、轻度消瘦分别为0.8%、 3.7%、 5.5%，较2005和2010年营养不良检出率分别下降了5.0和2.6个百分点，其中生长迟缓、中重度消瘦、轻度消瘦分别下降1.0、 1.8、 2.2个百分点和0.4、 1.1、 1.2个百分点；2014年7~18岁男生营养不良检出率高于女生（11.1% vs. 8.9%），乡村高于城市（11.0% vs. 9.1%），7~9岁、10~12岁、13~15岁和16~18岁4个年龄段的检出率分别为10.5%、 9.0%、 9.1%、 11.5%，东、中、西部分别为9.0%、 9.2%和11.7%；我国学生营养不良主要以轻度消瘦为主，汉族和藏族学生的生长迟缓检出在营养不良中仅占到8.0%和7.5%； 2005年至2014年的3次调查中，中国7~18岁汉族和藏族学生的营养不良检出率均逐次下降，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）； 2005年至2014年全国31个省市自治区男女生的营养不良检出率较高,多集中在西南地区，东部省市自治区营养不良检出率较低；与2005年和2010年相比，2014年全国31个省市自治区营养不良检出率均出现下降，且营养不良检出率较高的地区逐渐减少，检出率较低的地区逐渐增多。结论：2005年至2014年全国31个省市自治区的7~18岁儿童青少年的营养不良检出率呈持续下降趋势，但总体检出率仍然较高，以消瘦型营养不良为主，生长迟缓检出率低，西南地区各省市自治区营养不良检出率较高。
Objective： To understand and analyze the current situation and secular trends for prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years from 2005 to 2014, and to provide important scientific basis for students’ nutrition improvement. Methods: All the subjects aged 7-18 years in both sexes were sampled from 2005, 2010 and 2014 Chinese National Surveys on Students Constitution and Health. According to the new students’ health standard of “Screening Standard for Malnutrition of schoolage children and adolescents”(WS/T4562014) in 2014 of China, the nutritional status of children in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan province) were analyzed and compared in different ages, genders, regions and provinces from 2005 to 2014. The Tibetan students was used with the data of Tibetan minority and all the other students from 30 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) were Han minority. Results: The prevalence of malnutrition of children and adolescents of Han minority aged 7-18 years in 2014 was 10.0%. The prevalence of malnutrition components, including stunting, mild wasting and moderate severe wasting, were 0.8%, 3.7%, and 5.5%. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition of Han children and adolescents in 2014 had declined with 5.0 and 2.6 percentage points, respectively, and its components had declined with 1.0, 1.8, 2.2 and 0.4, 1.1, 1.2 percentage points, respectively. The prevalence of malnutrition of 2014 in boys was higher than in girls (11.1% vs.8.9%), the rural was higher than the urban (11.0% vs.9.1%) and the west (11.7%) was higher than the east (9.0%) and the middle (9.2%). Mild wasting of Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years was the main component in malnutrition and the stunting in the Han and Tibetan children and adolescents only accounted for 8.0% and 7.5%, respectively. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition for Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in 2014 had declined with various extents constantly, and there was a statistically significant difference among three surveys (P<0.05). Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China from 2005 to 2014. Compared with 2005 and 2010, the prevalence of malnutrition declined in 31 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) of China in 2014. The number of provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition decreased constantly and increased for the number of province (autonomous regions, municipalities) with low prevalence. Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-18 years had declined from 2005 to 2014, but the total prevalence of malnutrition was still high. Mild wasting was the main component in malnutrition and the prevalence of stunting was low. Provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) with high prevalence of malnutrition mainly concentrated in the southwest of China.
