脂质性肺炎（lipoid pneumonia，LP）是一种由于类脂物质在肺内集聚引起的非常见疾病［1-2］，根据脂类物质来源不同，可分为内源性脂质性肺炎（endogenous lipoid pneumonia）和外源性脂质性肺炎（exogenous lipoid pneumonia）。内源性脂质性肺炎又叫“胆固醇肺炎”或“黄金肺炎”，类脂物质由肺组织自身产生［3］，多见于未分化性结缔组织病、原发性硬化性胆管炎及肺泡蛋白沉积症［4-5］。外源性脂质性肺炎由吸入或误吸脂类物质（动物脂肪、植物油或矿物油）引起［6］，成年患者中大多数案例见于使用油性通便药物治疗便秘或者油性滴鼻液治疗鼻咽炎［7-8］。外源性脂质性肺炎的临床表现各异，老年患者多为慢性、进行性、无症状的肺部炎症［9］，有临床表现的多数较轻，以慢性咳嗽为主，极少数患者会出现胸痛、咯血、体重减轻、间断发热等［1］。本文报道1例以高热为表现的外源性脂质性肺炎。

Lipoid pneumonia (LP) is an uncommon form of pneumonia that is characterized by the presence of intra-alveolar lipid and lipid-laden macrophages on microscopy. It categorized as exogenous lipoid pneumonia (ExLP) and endogenous lipoid pneumonia (EnLP). Exogenous lipoid pneumonia caused by inhalation of liposuction substances (animal fat, vegetable oil, or mineral oil), mostly, in adult cases, they were medicines for constipation or rhinopharyngitis. Most of these patients showed mild clinical manifestations, and chronic medical condition. There were reports of lipoid pneumonia being successfully treated with corticosteroids, immunoglobulins and whole lung lavage. We report a case of exogenous lipoid pneumonia characterized by high fever and acute medical condition. A 77-year-old woman with hypertension and diabetes mellitus, accepted paraffin oil treatment for “incomplete intestinal obstruction”, then, an accident of aspiration happened, as she went through the history of coughing while eating, followed by persistent hyperthermia and increases of white blood cells (WBC). Chest CT showed progressive groundglass opacities, accompanied with fusion of consolidation, her sputum etiological examination was negative, and the therapy of broad-spectrum antibiotic was invalid. The patient was subjected to bronchofibroscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). The bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) appeared colorless and transparent, and did not show a milky appearence. Total cell count of the BALF was 2.0×105 cell/mL, including 7.2% macrophages and 92.8% neutrophils. Cultures of the BALF were negative for bacterial, fungal, and mycobacterial pathogens. The BALF cytologic findings showed vacuolated lipid-laden macrophages (Oil Red O staining). These findings revealed exogenous lipoid pneumonia. There were reports of lipoid pneumonia being successfully treated with corticosteroids, immunoglobulins, and whole-lung lavage. So this patient was treated with methylprednisolone 120 mg/d for 3 days and 80 mg/d for 6 days, at the same time, immunoglobulins was given to infusion, but the daily peak temperature of the patients fluctuated between 38 and 39 degrees. Then, whole lung lavage was performed 28 days after admission. Unfortunately, acute pulmonary edema occurred during the operation, as the tracheal intubation problems, and 6 days later, the patient died at last. The clinical manifestations of exogenous lipid pneumonia vary greatly, from asymptomatic to life-threatening symptoms, and as febrile low fever is the main manifestation, but hyperthermia may also be the remarkable presentation.