目的: 探讨头颈部游离组织瓣移植患者术后行预防性气管切开的影响因素。方法: 选择2015—2016年北京大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科同一手术团队连续完成的533例头颈部游离组织瓣移植术患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,患者平均年龄(49.3±16.6)岁,其中321例患者行预防性气管切开术,占全部患者的60.2%。记录患者基本信息、手术因素、治疗史、患有共病、个人史及术后并发症发生情况。结果: 手术伴有舌、口底、口咽部、双侧下颌骨缺损,行单侧及双侧颈淋巴清扫术,既往有放疗史、吸烟史者,以及应用较臃肿软组织皮瓣的患者,术后气道梗阻风险较大,更倾向于行预防性气管切开。有1例未行预防性气管切开术的患者术后出现气道梗阻行紧急气管切开。预防性气管切开术患者中,8.39%出现气管切开相关并发症,以肺部感染、切口出血为主。结论: 并非所有行头颈部游离组织瓣移植修复的患者均需行预防性气管切开术,头颈部游离组织瓣移植术患者是否行预防性气管切开术需根据具体情况综合判断,以保证患者的术后气道安全。

Objective: To discover the factors that may affect the use of selective tracheostomy among patients who have undergone head and neck surgeries with free flap reconstruction, so that the patients will not need tracheostomy nor receive the unnecessary treatment. Methods: Five hundred and thirty-three patients who had undergone head and neck surgery with free flap reconstruction operated by the same team of surgery at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Peking University School of Stomatology from 2015 to 2016 were reviewed. Three hundred and twenty-one (60.2%) of these patients underwent selective tracheostomy. All the patients’ demographic information, operation-related information, prior treatments, comorbidities and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: The patients with defects of the tongue, mouth floor, oropharynx and bilateral mandible, who underwent neck dissection and with previous radiotherapy and smoking habit were more likely to get selective tracheostomy. Usage of bulky soft tissue flap might also add to the risk of airway obstruction and the need of selective tracheostomy, while other factors were not significantly related to the risk of postoperative airway obstruction and the patients could be kept safe without selective tracheostomy. Most cases without tracheostomy were kept safe except one case, while 8.39% of the patients with tracheostomy suffered from tracheostomy related complications, mainly pneumonia and hemorrhage of the tracheostomy wound, yet none led to serious consequences or even death. Conclusion: Selective tracheostomy is not necessary for patients who have undergone head and neck surgeries with free flap reconstruction except that there are defects at the tongue, oropharynx and mandible. Neck dissection, bulky soft tissue flap reconstruction, previous radiotherapy and smoking habit may also add to the risk of postoperative airway obstruction, while a favorable decision would involve a combination of all the above factors to assure the safety of the postoperative airway for the patients undergone head and neck surgeries with free flap reconstruction.