目的: 抑郁症状的流行已经成为重大的公共卫生问题，研究人格特征与抑郁症状变化之间的关系，并进一步探讨其中的城乡差异，不仅有利于了解抑郁症状在中国的流行趋势，而且能够为政府部门制定个性化的心理健康预防战略提供有利参考。方法: 基于中国家庭追踪调查2018年和2020年的数据，对16 198名18岁以上中国居民进行单因素分析。人格特质有尽责性、外向性、宜人性、神经质和开放性五个维度，按照2018年和2020年抑郁症状的变化情况将16 198名居民分为健康组、抑郁好转组、抑郁恶化组和持续抑郁组。控制性别和教育等因素后采用多项Logistic回归模型检验人格特征是否与抑郁症状的改变相关，并分析了城乡差异在其中的交互作用。结果: 人格特质的五个维度均与抑郁症状的变化呈现显著的相关性，尽责性、外向性、宜人性与抑郁症状呈负相关，而神经质和开放性呈正相关。城乡差异可以调节人格特质与抑郁症状之间的关系，与城市居民相比，农村居民在神经质(OR = 1.14; 95%CI：1.00~1.30) 和抑郁好转组，以及尽责性(OR = 0.79；95%CI：0.68~0.93)和持续抑郁组之间表现出更强的相关性。结论: 人格特质与抑郁症状的变化相关，尽责性、外向性、宜人性与抑郁症状呈负相关，而神经质和开放性呈正相关。抑郁症状好转与神经质呈正相关，持续抑郁与尽责性呈负相关。农村居民的人格特征和持续性抑郁症状以及好转的抑郁症状之间有更强的联系，因此，在中国成年人的心理健康干预和预防计划中，应该进一步考虑人格特质和具有城乡差异的特定策略；同时，本研究结果需要其他针对于独立人群的研究验证。

Objective: The prevalence of depressive symptoms has become a significant public health issue in China. Research on the relationship between personality traits and changes in depressive symptoms, as well as further exploration of urban-rural differences, not only benefits for the understanding of the prevalence trend of depression in China, but also provides a useful reference for the government to develop personalized mental health prevention strategies. Methods: Based on the data from the China Family Panel Studies in 2018 and 2020, a univariate analysis was conducted on 16 198 Chinese residents aged 18 years and above. Five dimensions of personality traits were conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism and openness. In the study, 16 198 residents were divided into "keep good group", "better group", "worse group" and "keep bad group" according to the changes in depressive symptoms in 2018 and 2020. After controlling for factors, such as gender and education, multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to examine whether personality traits were associated with changes in depressive symptoms. In addition, we evaluated whether urban-rural and personality traits interacted to influence depressive symptoms. Results: The five dimensions of personality traits were significantly correlated with changes in depressive symptoms. Conscientiousness, extroversion, and agreeableness were negatively associated with depressive symptoms, while neuroticism and openness were positively related. Urban and rural differences moderated the relationship between personality traits and depressive symptoms. Compared with urban residents, rural residents showed stronger correlations between neuroticism (OR=1.14; 95%CI: 1.00-1.30) and the group of depression-recovery, as well as conscientiousness (OR=0.79;95%CI: 0.68-0.93) and the group of persistent-depression. Conclusion: The study finds that personality traits have a significant correlation with changes in depressive symptoms, with certain traits showing a negative or positive relationship. Specifically, higher levels of conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness are associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms, while higher levels of neuroticism and openness are associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. In addition, the study finds that rural residents have a stronger association between their personality traits and persistent or improved depressive symptoms, which highlights the need for tailoring mental health intervention and prevention programs that should take into account personality traits and urban-rural differences in China. By developing targeted strategies that are sensitive to personality differences and geographic disparities, policymakers and mental health professionals can help prevent and reduce the incidence of depressive symptoms, ultimately improving the overall well-being of Chinese adults. Meanwhile, additional studies in independent populations are needed to corroborate the findings of this study.