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阿司匹林对系统性红斑狼疮妊娠者结局的影响

  • 李欣艺 ,
  • 赵金霞 ,
  • 穆荣 , *
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  • 北京大学第三医院风湿免疫科,北京 100191

收稿日期: 2025-08-18

  网络出版日期: 2025-10-24

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Impact of aspirin use on pregnancy outcomes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

  • Xinyi LI ,
  • Jinxia ZHAO ,
  • Rong MU , *
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  • Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
MU Rong, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-08-18

  Online published: 2025-10-24

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All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

摘要

目的: 评估系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)妊娠者使用阿司匹林的情况,以及其对妊娠结局的影响。方法: 连续纳入2010—2024年于北京大学第三医院产科出院的SLE患者,记录患者的一般情况(年龄,不良妊娠史,血栓、高血压、肾脏病病史)、受累脏器、抗磷脂抗体、妊娠期SLE疾病活动度评分(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEDAI)、妊娠期SLE用药方案以及妊娠结局。比较阿司匹林用药组和未用组之间临床特点的差异,Logistic回归分析评估阿司匹林对妊娠结局的影响。结果: 共纳入171例SLE患者,平均年龄为(31±4)岁,46例患者合并不良妊娠史。受累脏器以皮肤、关节最为常见,分别为68.4%和45.6%,肾脏受累52例,占30.4%。87.1%的患者妊娠期SLEDAI评分≤4分。阿司匹林使用比例占48.5%(83/171),其中在2010—2017年使用比例为43.2%,2017年以后为50.4%,呈增长趋势。171例SLE患者妊娠后出现胎儿丢失、早产、子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫的比例分别为14.0%、23.4%、22.8%、10.5%。调整年龄、不良妊娠史、SLEDAI评分、抗磷脂抗体等协变量后,阿司匹林使用是活产的保护因素(OR=2.34,95%CI:1.18~4.65,P=0.015),可以降低子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫的发生比例(分别为OR=0.42,95%CI:0.19~0.91,P=0.028;OR=0.31,95%CI:0.11~0.89,P=0.029)。在无子痫前期/子痫高危因素的SLE妊娠者中,阿司匹林使用是活产的保护因素(OR=8.22, 95%CI:1.61~42.16,P=0.012),可能有助于降低早发子痫前期/子痫发生比例(OR=0.26,95%CI:0.06~1.10,P=0.067)。结论: 阿司匹林可降低SLE妊娠者子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫、胎儿丢失的比例,对于无子痫前期/子痫高危因素的SLE妊娠者也需在医生的评估和建议下使用阿司匹林。SLE患者妊娠期管理在临床实践中与指南建议尚存在差距,需要进一步规范管理。

本文引用格式

李欣艺 , 赵金霞 , 穆荣 . 阿司匹林对系统性红斑狼疮妊娠者结局的影响[J]. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2025 , 57(6) : 1074 -1080 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.06.009

Abstract

Objective: To evaluate the use of aspirin during pregnancy in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to assess its effects on pregnancy outcomes. Methods: We consecutively enrolled SLE patients discharged from the Department of Obstetrics at Peking University Third Hospital between 2010 and 2024. Collected data included general patient characteristics, such as age, histories of adverse pregnancy, thrombosis, hypertension and renal disease. SLE related organ involvement, antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLs), SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score, medication regimens during pregnancy, and pregnancy outcomes were all documented. Differences in clinical characteristics between the aspirin user group and the non-user group were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the impact of aspirin on pregnancy outcomes. Results: A total of 171 SLE patients were included in this study. The mean age was (31±4) years, and 46 patients had a history of adverse pregnancy. The most commonly involved organs were skin and joints, accounting for 68.4% and 45.6% respectively. In the study, 52 cases had renal involvement, accounting for 30.4%. SLEDAI scores during pregnancy of the 87.1% patients were less than 4 scores. Aspirin use during pregnancy accounted for 48.5%. Among them, 19 patients (11.1%) used between 2010 and 2017, while 64 patients (37.4%) used after 2017, demonstrating an increasing trend. Regarding pregnancy outcomes, the rates of fetal loss, preterm birth, preeclampsia/eclampsia, and early-onset preeclampsia were 14.0%, 23.4%, 22.8%, and 10.5%, respectively. After adjusting for covariates such as age, adverse pregnancy history, SLEDAI score, and aPLs, aspirin use was a protective factor for live birth (OR=2.34, 95%CI: 1.18-4.65, P=0.015) and reduced the incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia and early-onset preeclampsia (OR=0.42, 95%CI: 0.19-0.91, P=0.028; OR=0.31, 95%CI: 0.11-0.89, P=0.029, respectively) for the total 171 SLE patients. Among the SLE pregnant patients without high-risk factors for preeclampsia/eclampsia, aspirin use was a protective factor for live birth (OR=8.22, 95%CI: 1.61-42.16, P=0.012) and might help reduce the incidence of early-onset preeclampsia/eclampsia (OR=0.26, 95%CI: 0.06-1.10, P=0.067). Conclusion: Aspirin can reduce the incidence of preeclampsia/eclampsia, early-onset preeclampsia, and stillbirth in pregnant SLE patients. Even for those without high-risk factors for preeclampsia/eclampsia, aspirin should be taken under physician evaluation and recommendation. Current clinical practice in managing SLE during pregnancy deviates from guideline recommendations, underscoring the need for greater standardization.

系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是一种主要影响育龄女性的慢性自身免疫性疾病。患者在妊娠期间出现子痫前期/子痫、早产、胎儿死亡等并发症的风险增加。既往研究发现20%~30%患有SLE的孕妇妊娠期间会出现子痫前期/子痫,尤其是在合并狼疮性肾炎、疾病活动以及孕前患有高血压的情况下[1-4]。SLE妊娠者子痫前期/子痫发生机制与普通子痫的机制存在诸多相似之处,包括慢性自身免疫炎症导致血管内皮持续损伤、T细胞失衡、炎症因子风暴、补体系统过度激活等导致的免疫炎症失调,以及螺旋动脉重塑失败、血管生成因子失衡等导致的胎盘灌注不足[5]。针对普通子痫前期/子痫的预防,既往诸多研究已表明孕期加用阿司匹林可有效降低子痫前期/子痫的发生[6-8]。对于SLE患者妊娠的管理,美国风湿病学会(American College of Rheumatology,ACR)以及欧洲抗风湿病联盟(the European League Against Rheumatism,EULAR)指南均指出对存在狼疮性肾炎和/或抗磷脂抗体阳性的病人应加用阿司匹林[9-11]。但在实际临床诊疗中,SLE妊娠者孕期遵照指南给予阿司匹林治疗的数据尚不明确。对于未合并肾脏受累和/或抗磷脂抗体阳性等子痫高危因素的SLE妊娠者,阿司匹林用药是否可改善妊娠结局亦不明确。本研究选择2010年至2024年于北京大学第三医院产科出院的SLE患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,旨在探讨SLE妊娠患者孕期阿司匹林用药情况以及阿司匹林对妊娠结局的影响。

1 资料与方法

1.1 病例选择

本研究为回顾性研究,连续纳入2010年至2024年于北京大学第三医院产科出院的SLE患者。比较阿司匹林用药组和未用组间临床特点的差异以及阿司匹林对妊娠结局的影响。所有患者均符合ACR 1997年SLE分类标准[12]。排除标准:(1)多胎妊娠者; (2)基本信息、既往病史、SLE孕前、孕期诊疗信息缺失者; (3)年龄小于20岁或大于45岁患者。
本研究遵循了《赫尔辛基宣言》中确立的人体实验的道德标准,研究开始前已经北京大学第三医院医学科学研究伦理委员会审查批准(编号M2022516)。

1.2 研究方法

资料收集:收集患者的一般情况(年龄、不良妊娠史、血栓病史、高血压病史、肾脏病史)、SLE受累脏器、抗磷脂抗体(antiphospholipid antibodies,aPLs)检查结果、SLE疾病活动度评分(systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index,SLEDAI)、妊娠期SLE用药方案以及妊娠结局。
妊娠结局主要记录胎儿丢失、不良妊娠结局、子痫前期/子痫以及早发子痫,其中胎儿丢失包括早期流产和晚期胎儿丢失。早期流产定义为孕10周内的胚胎丢失;晚期胎儿丢失定义为孕10周及以上的死胎。子痫前期/子痫定义为孕20周后新出现的持续性高血压(血压>140/90 mmHg)伴新出现的蛋白尿(≥300 mg/24 h)或未伴随蛋白尿但有相关器官功能不全[13]。早发子痫定义为孕34周前新发生的持续性高血压伴新出现的蛋白尿或未伴随蛋白尿但有相关器官功能不全。不良妊娠结局包括胎儿丢失、孕37周前因子痫前期/子痫或胎盘早剥或羊水减少、胎儿发育受限等导致的早产,以及孕37周和之后活产分娩合并子痫前期/子痫或其他胎盘功能不全等并发症。
子痫/子痫前期高危因素包括高血压、慢性肾病、糖尿病、年龄>40岁、抗磷脂抗体阳性、狼疮性肾炎[14]

1.3 统计学分析

应用SPSS 23.0软件,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用Student t 检验。计数资料以例数(百分比)表示,组间比较采用卡方检验、Fisher精确检验。二元Logistic回归分析评估阿司匹林对妊娠结局的影响,其中阿司匹林作为自变量,组间P值<0.1的因素作为协变量,妊娠结局作为因变量,双侧检验,P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 一般情况

共纳入171例SLE患者,平均年龄为(31±3.9)岁,合并不良妊娠史者46例。患者受累脏器以皮肤、关节最为常见,肾脏受累52例,血栓病史7例,抗磷脂抗体阳性者33例。87.1%患者妊娠期SLEDAI评分≤4分。阿司匹林使用者83例,占48.5%(83/171),其中在2010—2017年阿司匹林使用者19例(43.2%),2017年以后阿司匹林使用者64例(50.4%),呈增长趋势(表 1)。
表1 171例SLE患者一般情况

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 171 SLE patients

Characteristic Data
Age/years 31.0±3.9
Adverse pregnancy history 46 (26.9)
Gestational SLEDAI score
    Inactive 149 (87.1)
    Active 22 (12.9)
Organ involvement
    Skin 117 (68.4)
    Joints 78 (45.6)
    Hematological 42 (24.6)
    Renal 52 (30.4)
    Neurological 9 (5.3)
    Muscular 3 (1.7)
    Fever 41 (24.0)
    Thrombosis history 7 (4.1)
    aPLs positive 33 (19.3)
Medications during pregnancy
    Glucocorticoids 143 (83.6)
    Hydroxychloroquine 157 (91.8)
    Aspirin 83 (48.5)
    LMWH 52 (30.4)
    Immunosuppressants 50 (29.2)

Data are $\bar x \pm s$ or n (%). SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, SLE disease activity index; aPLs, antiphospholipid antibodies; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin.

2.2 妊娠结局

171例患者整体妊娠结局:胎儿丢失为24例,占14.0%;早产40例,占23.4%;子痫/子痫前期39例,占22.8%;早发子痫18例,占10.5%。

2.3 妊娠期阿司匹林用药组与未用组临床特点的比较及对妊娠结局的影响

171例SLE患者中使用阿司匹林者83例(用药组),未使用者88例(未用组)。与阿司匹林用药组相比,未用组患者妊娠年龄更小[(30.2±4.2)岁vs.(31.9±3.4)岁,P=0.003]、妊娠期SLEDAI评分处于疾病活动状态比例更高(19.3% vs. 6%,P= 0.009)、羟氯喹和低分子肝素用药比例更低(分别为87.5% vs. 97.6 %, P=0.013;15.9% vs. 44.6%,P<0.001,表 2)。
表2 171例SLE妊娠患者阿司匹林用药组和未用组临床特点比较

Table 2 Comparison of clinical characteristics between aspirin user and non-user groups in 171 SLE pregnant patients

Characteristic Aspirin user (n=83) Non-user (n=88) P
Age/years 31.9±3.4 30.2±4.2 0.003
Adverse pregnancy history 28 (33.7) 18 (20.5) 0.052
Gestational SLEDAI Score
    Inactive 78 (94.0) 71 (80.7) 0.009
    Active 5 (6.0) 17 (19.3)
Clinical manifestations
    Skin 57 (68.7) 60 (68.2) 0.949
    Joints 35 (42.2) 43 (48.9) 0.382
    Hematological 21 (25.3) 21 (23.9) 0.826
    Renal 29 (34.9) 23 (26.1) 0.211
    Neurological 5 (6.0) 4 (4.6) 0.741
    Muscular 1 (1.2) 2 (2.3) >0.999
    Fever 22 (26.5) 19 (21.6) 0.456
Thrombosis history 3 (3.6) 4 (4.5) >0.999
aPLs positive 25 (30.1) 11 (12.5) 0.004
Medications during pregnancy
    Glucocorticoids 72 (86.7) 71 (80.7) 0.293
    Hydroxychloroquine 81 (97.6) 77 (87.5) 0.013
    LMWH 37 (44.6) 14 (15.9) < 0.001
    Immunosuppressants 30 (36.1) 20 (22.7) 0.049
Pregnancy outcomes
    Live birth 75 (90.4) 72 (81.8) 0.108
    Preeclampsia/eclampsia 19 (22.9) 20 (22.7) 0.979
    Early-onset preeclampsia/eclampsia 7 (8.4) 11 (12.5) 0.387
    Adverse pregnancy outcomes 40 (48.2) 52 (59.1) 0.151

Data are $\bar x \pm s$ or n (%). SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, SLE disease activity index; aPLs, antiphospholipid antibodies; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin.

将阿司匹林使用以及两组间P值<0.1的因素,包括年龄、不良妊娠史、妊娠期疾病活动度、抗磷脂抗体阳性、羟氯喹和低分子肝素以及免疫抑制剂使用,纳入二元Logistic回归分析,结果显示阿司匹林使用是SLE妊娠患者活产的保护因素(OR=2.34, 95%CI:1.18~4.65,P=0.015),阿司匹林使用可以降低子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫的发生比例(分别为OR=0.42,95%CI:0.19~0.91,P=0.028;OR=0.31, 95%CI:0.11~0.89,P=0.029,表 3)。
表3 SLE妊娠患者阿司匹林用药对妊娠结局影响的Logistic回归分析

Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of the impact of aspirin use on pregnancy outcomes in SLE pregnant patients

Variable OR 95%CI P
Pregnancy outcome 1: Live birth
    Aspirin use 2.34 1.18-4.65 0.015
    Age 0.97 0.90-1.04 0.376
    Adverse pregnancy history 0.52 0.27-1.00 0.050
    Gestational SLEDAI score 0.30 0.12-0.72 0.007
    aPLs positive 0.35 0.16-0.76 0.008
    Hydroxychloroquine use 2.46 0.84-7.21 0.102
    LMWH use 1.35 0.64-2.84 0.431
    Immunosuppressants use 0.78 0.40-1.52 0.463
Pregnancy outcome 2: Preeclampsia/eclampsia
    Aspirin use 0.42 0.19-0.91 0.028
    Age 1.02 0.93-1.11 0.718
    Adverse pregnancy history 1.25 0.63-2.48 0.525
    Gestational SLEDAI score 2.68 1.18-6.09 0.019
    aPLs positive 1.56 0.75-3.25 0.234
    Hydroxychloroquine use 0.65 0.25-1.70 0.381
    LMWH use 1.18 0.58-2.41 0.649
    Immunosuppressants use 1.42 0.73-2.76 0.302
Pregnancy outcome 3: Early-onset preeclampsia/eclampsia
    Aspirin use 0.31 0.11-0.89 0.029
    Age 0.96 0.85-1.08 0.487
    Adverse pregnancy history 1.42 0.56-3.61 0.456
    Gestational SLEDAI score 3.82 1.45-10.08 0.007
    aPLs positive 2.45 1.02-5.89 0.045
    Hydroxychloroquine use 0.42 0.11-1.62 0.208
    LMWH use 1.85 0.75-4.56 0.182
    Immunosuppressants use 1.68 0.68-4.16 0.261
Pregnancy outcome 4: Adverse pregnancy outcomes
    Aspirin use 0.58 0.32-1.05 0.071
    Age 1.04 0.97-1.12 0.312
    Adverse pregnancy history 1.48 0.83-2.64 0.186
    Gestational SLEDAI score 2.25 1.05-4.82 0.037
    aPLs positive 1.92 1.02-3.62 0.044
    Hydroxychloroquine use 0.78 0.35-1.74 0.542
    LMWH use 1.34 0.74-2.43 0.337
    Immunosuppressants use 1.28 0.73-2.25 0.386

SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, SLE disease activity index; aPLs, antiphospholipid antibodies; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin.

本研究中, 无子痫前期/子痫高危因素的SLE患者共84例, 其中妊娠期间阿司匹林用药者30例(约占35.7%),未用药者54例(约占64.3%)。与阿司匹林用药组相比,未用组患者低分子肝素使用比例更低(5.6% vs. 26.7%,P=0.012),胎儿活产比例更低(88.9% vs. 100.0%,P<0.001,表 4)。
表4 无子痫高危因素SLE妊娠患者阿司匹林用药组和未用组临床特点比较

Table 4 Comparison of clinical characteristics between aspirin user and non-user groups in SLE pregnant patients without high-risk factors for preeclampsia

Characteristic Aspirin user (n=30) Non-user (n=54) P
Age/years 31.6±4.1 30.4±4.6 0.223
Adverse pregnancy history 9 (30.0) 18 (33.3) 0.755
Gestational SLEDAI score
    Inactive 29 (96.7) 50 (92.6) 0.650
    Active 1 (3.3) 4 (7.4)
Clinical manifestations
    Skin 20 (66.7) 36 (66.7) 0.540
    Joints 13 (43.3) 29 (53.7) 0.362
    Hematological 6 (20.0) 9 (16.7) 0.700
    Neurological 0 (0) 2 (3.7) 0.535
    Muscular 1 (3.3) 1 (1.9) 1.000
    Fever 10 (33.3) 12 (22.2) 0.267
Medications during pregnancy
    Glucocorticoids 26 (86.7) 45 (83.3) 0.692
    Hydroxychloroquine 30 (100) 50 (92.6) 0.292
    LMWH 8 (26.7) 3 (5.6) 0.012
    Immunosuppressants 10 (33.3) 11 (20.4) 0.189
Pregnancy outcomes
    Live birth 30 (100.0) 48 (88.9) < 0.001
    Preeclampsia/eclampsia 4 (13.3) 6 (11.1) 0.763
    Early-onset preeclampsia/eclampsia 1 (3.3) 1 (1.9) 0.669
    Adverse pregnancy outcomes 11 (36.7) 26 (48.1) 0.310

Data are $\bar x \pm s$ or n (%). SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, SLE disease activity index; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin.

将阿司匹林使用以及两组间P值<0.1的因素,包括低分子肝素使用,以及既往文献提示对妊娠结局有影响的因素(包括年龄、羟氯喹使用、妊娠期疾病活动度)纳入二元Logistic回归分析,结果显示阿司匹林使用是SLE妊娠患者活产的保护因素(OR=8.22, 95%CI:1.61~42.16,P=0.012),可能有助于降低早发子痫前期/子痫发生比例(OR=0.26,95%CI:0.06~1.10,P=0.067,表 5)。
表5 无子痫高危因素SLE妊娠患者阿司匹林用药对妊娠结局影响的Logistic回归分析

Table 5 Logistic regression analysis of the impact of aspirin use on pregnancy outcomes in SLE pregnant patients without high-risk factors for preeclampsia

Variable OR 95%CI P
Pregnancy outcome 1: Live birth
    Aspirin use 8.22 1.61-42.16 0.012
    Age 0.96 0.87-1.07 0.465
    Gestational SLEDAI score 1.24 0.80-1.91 0.330
    Hydroxychloroquine use 6.31 1.10-36.26 0.039
    LMWH use 0.59 0.13-2.74 0.503
Pregnancy outcome 2: Preeclampsia/eclampsia
    Aspirin use 0.44 0.13-1.50 0.191
    Age 1.05 0.96-1.15 0.256
    Gestational SLEDAI score 1.31 0.89-1.91 0.168
    Hydroxychloroquine use 0.48 0.14-1.70 0.255
    LMWH use 0.65 0.17-2.51 0.534
Pregnancy outcome 3: Early-onset preeclampsia/eclampsia
    Aspirin use 0.26 0.06-1.10 0.067
    Age 1.07 0.96-1.18 0.216
    Gestational SLEDAI score 1.46 0.96-2.22 0.077
    Hydroxychloroquine use 0.38 0.09-1.68 0.205
    LMWH use 0.41 0.08-2.02 0.272
Pregnancy outcome 4: Adverse pregnancy outcomes
    Aspirin use 0.68 0.24-1.93 0.466
    Age 1.03 0.95-1.12 0.514
    Gestational SLEDAI score 1.21 0.84-1.74 0.307
    Hydroxychloroquine use 0.66 0.22-2.01 0.465
    LMWH use 1.37 0.24-1.93 0.466

SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus; SLEDAI, SLE disease activity index; LMWH, low molecular weight heparin.

3 讨论

本研究SLE妊娠患者阿司匹林用药比例为48.5%,多因素回归分析提示阿司匹林使用是SLE患者妊娠后胎儿活产的保护因素,且能降低子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫等不良妊娠结局的发生比例。在无子痫前期/子痫高危因素患者中阿司匹林用药比例为35.7%,多因素回归分析提示阿司匹林使用同样是胎儿活产的保护因素,可能会降低早发子痫发生。
对于SLE妊娠患者孕期阿司匹林用药,在2017年、2023年EULAR关于SLE妊娠管理指南以及2020年ACR关于风湿骨骼肌肉病妊娠期管理指南中均建议加用,尤其是对于合并狼疮性肾炎、抗磷脂抗体阳性患者[9-11]。但指南推荐与临床诊疗之间尚存在差距,一项对2000—2017年300例SLE妊娠者用药分析的研究发现,阿司匹林整体使用率仅25%,在有子痫前期/子痫高危因素和无高危因素人群中使用率分别为25%和26%[14]。另一项来自瑞典的研究对483例SLE孕妇的用药数据分析发现阿司匹林使用率约为40.8%[15]。本研究阿司匹林在SLE妊娠患者中的使用比例为48.5%,且发现在2017年EULAR相关管理建议发表后,阿司匹林使用率较前呈增长趋势,说明SLE妊娠管理的规范性较前有所改善。但结合既往研究和本研究的数据,阿司匹林整体使用率均未超过50%,尤其是在合并子痫前期/子痫高危因素的患者中。以上研究发现,SLE妊娠管理中指南建议与临床诊疗存在差距,后续应加强指南学习和规范诊疗。
肾脏受累和/或抗磷脂抗体阳性的SLE妊娠者为子痫前期/子痫高风险人群。既往多项研究已明确阿司匹林可降低子痫前期/子痫发生[6, 8]。本研究结果同样提示SLE妊娠者阿司匹林的使用可降低胎儿丢失、子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫的比例。对于未合并肾脏受累和/或抗磷脂抗体阳性等子痫前期/子痫高危因素的SLE妊娠者,阿司匹林是否需要使用尚不明确,在2017年EULAR关于SLE和/或抗磷脂综合征患者女性健康、计划生育、辅助生殖、妊娠及更年期管理的建议中提及对于子痫高风险患者需加用阿司匹林[10]。但在2020年ACR关于风湿骨骼肌肉病妊娠期管理指南中则为条件性建议加用阿司匹林[11]。在此指南中强调“条件性建议”基于以下两点:(1)现有的研究均为观察性且未设对照组,证据质量低;(2)现有研究主要针对因狼疮性肾炎或抗磷脂抗体阳性而处于子痫前期高风险患者阿司匹林使用量的情况[16]。美国妇产科医师学会(the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists,ACOG)和美国预防保健服务工作组(US Protective Health Task Force,USPHTF)建议对有子痫前期/子痫高风险的患者使用阿司匹林[17-18]。因此,从前述多个指南推荐建议分析看,对于SLE未合并子痫前期/子痫高危因素患者,妊娠期是否必须加用阿司匹林,目前尚无确切结论。
2022年,Tani等[19]在欧洲进行的多中心回顾性研究,分析了216例SLE子痫前期/子痫低风险人群(无肾病、抗磷脂抗体阳性)使用阿司匹林和未使用的妊娠结局,发现两组间在子痫前期/子痫发生比例为2.4%和8.3%,但尚未达统计学差异,在早产、胎儿丢失等结局差异亦无统计学意义。2023年,Zhang等[20]进行的一项前瞻性随机对照研究中,观察了90例SLE妊娠者羟氯喹用药组和羟氯喹联合阿司匹林用药组妊娠结局的不同,发现联合用药组可降低子痫前期风险(11% vs. 0%,P=0.056),但此项研究未排除肾病受累患者、未比较单用阿司匹林组妊娠结局的情况。本研究未合并狼疮性肾炎、抗磷脂抗体阳性等子痫前期/子痫高危因素的患者中,阿司匹林的使用是活产的保护性因素,可能降低早期子痫前期/子痫的发生。再结合SLE妊娠期子痫前期/子痫发生机制与普通子痫的机制存在诸多相似之处,考虑此部分SLE患者可能为子痫前期/子痫低风险人群,提示对此部分特殊SLE妊娠者,孕期仍建议在医生指导下加用阿司匹林。当然,本研究样本量相对较小,且为回顾性研究,存在混杂因素的影响,尚不能得出因果关系的确切结论。未来亟需高质量、大样本量前瞻性研究解决无子痫前期/子痫高风险SLE患者的妊娠用药问题。
综上所述,通过本回顾性研究,发现SLE患者妊娠期管理在临床实践中与指南建议尚存在差距。阿司匹林可降低SLE妊娠者子痫前期/子痫、早发子痫、胎儿丢失的比例,对于无子痫前期/子痫高危因素的SLE妊娠者也需在医生的评估和建议下使用阿司匹林,提示SLE患者妊娠规范化管理还需进一步加强。对于未合并抗磷脂抗体阳性、狼疮肾炎等子痫前期/子痫高风险的SLE患者的妊娠,药物治疗优化方案尚需更高质量的研究去评估。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  李欣艺:设计研究方案,收集、整理与分析数据,撰写论文;穆荣、赵金霞:研究方案指导、论文审定修改。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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