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老年结缔组织病相关间质性肺病临床特征及抗纤维化治疗的疗效和安全性

  • 兰静雯 ,
  • 陈哲 ,
  • 程永静 ,
  • 赵丽珂 , *
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  • 北京医院风湿免疫科, 国家老年医学中心, 中国医学科学院老年医学研究院, 北京 100730

收稿日期: 2025-08-13

  网络出版日期: 2025-10-28

基金资助

中央高水平医院临床研究基金专项项目(BJ-2025-251)

中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目(2021-I2M-1-001)

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Clinical characteristics, efficacy and safety of antifibrotic agents in elderly patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease

  • Jingwen LAN ,
  • Zhe CHEN ,
  • Yongjing CHENG ,
  • Like ZHAO , *
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  • Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Hospital; National Center of Gerontology; Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
ZHAO Like, e-mail,

Received date: 2025-08-13

  Online published: 2025-10-28

Supported by

the National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding(BJ-2025-251)

Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(2021-I2M-1-001)

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All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is prohibited.

摘要

目的: 探讨老年结缔组织病相关间质性肺病(connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease, CTD-ILD)的疾病特征、治疗方案及抗纤维化药物疗效与安全性。方法: 采用单中心回顾性队列研究, 纳入2016年6月至2024年6月北京医院确诊的129例老年(≥60岁)CTD-ILD患者。通过电子病历系统收集基线资料, 包括合并症、结缔组织病(connective tissue disease, CTD)亚型、治疗方案(糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、抗纤维化药物)、肺功能参数、高分辨率CT(high-resolution computed tomography, HRCT)及不良事件数据。疗效评估参照2022年《美国胸科学会/欧洲呼吸学会进行性肺纤维化标准》, 统计学分析使用SPSS 26.0软件, 组间比较使用χ2检验或t检验。结果: (1) 临床特征: CTD亚型以类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)、原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren syndrome, pSS)、多发性肌炎/皮肌炎(polymyositis/dermatomyositis, PM/DM)为主; 45.7%患者合并高血压, 体现老年人群多病共患特点。(2)CTD治疗方案: 76.0%患者使用糖皮质激素, 83.7%使用各类免疫抑制剂/传统合成改善病情抗风湿药, 其中环磷酰胺使用率最高(47.3%), 31.8%患者联用抗纤维化药物(尼达尼布16.3%, 吡非尼酮10.1%, 5.4%两者均有使用)。(3)抗纤维化疗效: 抗纤维化组与未使用抗纤维化组6个月HRCT进展率差异无统计学意义(31.3% vs. 45.2%, P=0.193), 但抗纤维化组肺功能恶化比例显著低于未使用抗纤维化组(34.1% vs. 53.4%, P=0.041), 提示抗纤维化药物可能延缓肺功能衰退。(4)抗纤维化药物安全性: 39.0%抗纤维化治疗患者出现胃肠道不良反应(腹泻26.8%, 恶心22.0%), 17.1%发生肝功能异常。(5)长期预后: 2年随访期间, 67.4%患者发生感染(其中肺部感染47.3%), 14.0%进展为呼吸衰竭, 全因死亡率为2.3%。结论: 老年CTD-ILD以RA、pSS、PM/DM为主要亚型, 常合并高血压; 抗纤维化药物可显著延缓肺功能恶化, 但需警惕胃肠道不良反应及肝毒性; 感染是主要并发症, 临床需权衡免疫抑制治疗的获益与感染风险, 制定个体化治疗策略。

本文引用格式

兰静雯 , 陈哲 , 程永静 , 赵丽珂 . 老年结缔组织病相关间质性肺病临床特征及抗纤维化治疗的疗效和安全性[J]. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2025 , 57(6) : 1101 -1106 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2025.06.013

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics, treatment regimens, and the efficacy and safety of antifibrotic agents in elderly patients with connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD). Methods: This single-center retrospective cohort study enrolled 129 elderly patients (≥60 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of CTD-ILD at Beijing Hospital from June 2016 to June 2024. Baseline data, including comorbidities and CTD subtypes, treatment regimens (glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, antifibrotic agents), pulmonary function parameters, high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) imaging features, and adverse events were retrieved from the electronic medical record system. Treatment efficacy was evaluated according to the 2022 American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society criteria for progressive pulmonary fibrosis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0, with χ2 tests or t-tests applied for between-group comparisons. Results: (1) Clinical characteristics: The predominant CTD subtypes were rheumatoid arthritis (RA), primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS), and polymyositis or dermatomyositis (PM/DM). Hypertension was present in 45.7% of the patients, reflecting the characteristics of multiple comorbidities in the elderly population. (2) CTD treatment regimens: 76.0% of the patients received glucocorticoid therapy, 83.7% used immunosuppressants (IS)/conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs), among which cyclophosphamide had the highest usage rate (47.3%); 31.8% of the patients were combined with antifibrotic drugs (nintedanib 16.3%, pirfenidone 10.1%, and 5.4% used both). (3) Efficacy of antifibrotic therapy: There was no statistically significant difference in the 6-month HRCT progression rate between the antifibrotic and non-antifibrotic groups (31.3% vs. 45.2%, P=0.193). However, the proportion of the patients with pulmonary function deterioration in the antifibrotic group was significantly lower than that in the non-antifibrotic group (34.1% vs. 53.4%, P=0.041), suggesting a potential role in delaying pulmonary function deterioration. (4) Safety of antifibrotic agents: Gastrointestinal adverse events occurred in 39.0% of the patients receiving antifibrotics (26.8% diarrhea, 22.0% nausea), and abnormal liver function was observed in 17.1%. (5) Long-term outcomes: During a 2-year follow-up, 67.4% of the patients experienced infections (47.3% pulmonary infections), 14.0% progressed to respiratory failure, and the all-cause mortality rate was 2.3%. Conclusion: The main subtypes of CTD-ILD in the elderly are RA, pSS, and PM/DM, which are often complicated with hypertension. Antifibrotic agents may significantly delay the deterioration of pulmonary function, but attention should be paid to the risks of gastrointestinal adverse effects and hepatotoxicity. Infection remains the primary complication, emphasizing the need to balance benefits of immunosuppressive therapy and the risk of infection to formulate treatment strategies.

间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)是结缔组织病(connective tissue disease,CTD)患者常见且严重的肺部并发症,其发生发展与自身免疫介导的肺间质慢性炎症和纤维化密切相关。结缔组织病相关间质性肺病(connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease,CTD-ILD)疾病谱异质性强,可见于多种CTD,如系统性硬化症(systemic sclerosis,SSc)、多发性肌炎/皮肌炎(polymyositis/dermatomyositis,PM/DM)、类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)、原发性干燥综合征(primary Sjögren syndrome,pSS)和系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)[1]。流行病学数据显示,不同CTD亚型的ILD患病率差异具有统计学意义:SSc患者肺部受累最为常见,ILD尤为突出(尸检检出率高达70%),且常合并肺动脉高压(8%~12%);RA患者中ILD发生率约为10%~20%;大约有33%~50%的SLE患者累及肺部,但ILD相对少见(占1%~ 15%);PM/DM患者ILD的患病率差异较大(20%~ 78%)[2]
老年CTD-ILD患者面临独特的临床特征与治疗困境,临床症状常不典型,常表现为非特异性呼吸道症状(如隐匿性呼吸困难、干咳),易被忽视或误诊,且自身抗体阳性率低于年轻患者,增加了诊断难度[3]。更重要的是,老年CTD-ILD患者治疗存在巨大挑战。老年患者多伴有多种基础疾病,如高血压、冠心病等,多重用药进一步增加药物相互作用风险。另外,尽管免疫抑制是CTD-ILD的核心治疗策略(如糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂),但老年患者对药物治疗的耐受性显著降低,导致治疗相关不良事件如激素相关骨质疏松、感染[4],免疫抑制剂相关的骨髓抑制、肝肾毒性风险显著增高[5-6],这些因素共同使得老年CTD-ILD的治疗选择受限且更为复杂。
目前CTD-ILD的治疗策略主要建立在控制原发CTD活动的基础上,常用药物包括糖皮质激素(glucocorticoids,GC),各类免疫抑制剂(immuno-suppressants,IS)/传统合成改善病情抗风湿药(conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,csDMARDs), 如甲氨蝶呤、吗替麦考酚酯、硫唑嘌呤等,生物制剂类改善病情抗风湿药(biological DMARDs,bDMARDs)以及靶向合成改善病情抗风湿药(targeted synthetic DMARDs,tsDMARDs)[7]。近年来,抗纤维化药物如吡非尼酮和尼达尼布成为CTD-ILD治疗的重要补充,尤其适用于进展性肺纤维化(progressive pulmonary fibrosis, PPF)患者[8-9]。然而,老年人群应用此类药物时,抗纤维化药物不良反应的发生率可能更高且耐受性更差,如吡非尼酮相关的过敏反应,尼达尼布相关的出血风险增加,以及胃肠道不适和肝功能异常等[10-11]
研究表明,老年CTD-ILD患者总体预后不良,死亡率高,肺部疾病的进行性恶化是其主要死亡原因[12]。然而现有指南对于CTD-ILD的治疗策略多基于年轻患者数据,老年人群的用药安全性数据匮乏。因此,制定老年CTD-ILD患者的个体化治疗方案,亟需全面权衡其年龄相关的生理功能减退、共病负担、药物耐受性以及潜在的治疗获益与风险。
本研究通过一项回顾性队列分析,总结2016年6月至2024年6月于北京医院风湿免疫科住院治疗的年龄≥60岁老年CTD-ILD患者的疾病特征(包括CTD类型分布、ILD模式、合并症)、实际采用的治疗方案(包括原发病治疗及ILD特异性治疗)、临床疗效(如肺功能、影像学变化、生存率)以及药物安全性数据,旨在明确老年群体的CTD-ILD亚型分布与共病特征,评估抗纤维化药物在真实世界中的疗效与安全性,探索优化治疗策略的关键因素,为填补老年CTD-ILD管理证据空白提供依据。

1 资料与方法

1.1 研究对象

检索北京医院电子病历系统,纳入2016年6月至2024年6月于风湿免疫科住院的≥60岁的129例CTD-ILD患者。CTD如RA、SSc、PM/DM、SLE符合美国风湿病学会/欧洲抗风湿病联盟相应国际分类标准[13-16],CTD-ILD的诊断参考《2018中国结缔组织病相关间质性肺病诊断和治疗专家共识》[1],为严格保证所有入组患者基线标准的一致性,我们对所有患者的临床资料进行重新追溯与评估,确认其均符合上述诊断标准。本研究获得了北京医院伦理委员会的批准(批准号:2025BJYYEC-KY164-01),研究对象均已签署知情同意书。

1.2 研究方法

为单中心回顾性队列研究,通过结构化电子病例报告表收集数据,包括:(1)基线资料:人口学特征(年龄、性别、吸烟史),CTD亚类型及病程,合并症(高血压、糖尿病等);(2)治疗方案:CTD药物治疗方案,如糖皮质激素剂量、IS/csDMARDs、bDMARDs、tsDMARDs使用情况,抗纤维化治疗药物吡非尼酮或尼达尼布的用药方案;(3)疗效评估:分析治疗6个月前后影像学胸部高分辨率CT(high-resolution computed tomography,HRCT)及肺功能指标变化,HRCT加重标准定义为符合2018年《弗莱施纳(Fleischner)学会指南》的纤维化进展特征[17],肺功能恶化参照2022年美国胸科学会/欧洲呼吸学会制定的PPF定义:用力肺活量占预计值百分比(forced vital capacity percent predicted,FVC% pred)下降≥5%或一氧化碳弥散量占预计值百分比(diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide percent predicted,DLCO% pred)下降≥10%[6];(4)安全性及预后评估:记录不良事件胃肠道反应(腹泻、恶心)、肝功能异常(谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶>2倍上限)、感染(肺部感染病原学依据)等,24个月随访全因死亡率、呼吸衰竭发生率及急性加重次数。

1.3 统计学分析

采用SPSS 26.0完成,符合正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(P25P75)表示,组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。分类变量资料比较采用χ2检验。双侧检验,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

2.1 老年CTD-ILD患者的临床特征

共纳入129例老年CTD-ILD患者(表 1),其中女性94例,男性35例。CTD类型分布以RA (37例)、pSS(30例)、PM/DM(28例)为主。合并症中高血压(59例)、糖尿病(29例)及冠心病(28例)最常见,27例有吸烟史。
表1 老年CTD-ILD患者的基线特征

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of elderly CTD-ILD patients

Baseline characteristics Value
Demographic and clinical characteristics
  Female 94 (72.9)
  Male 35 (27.1)
  Smoking history 27 (20.9)
  Age/years 69.69±5.81
  Disease duration/years 10.51±10.11
CTD subtypes
  RA 37 (28.7)
  pSS 30 (23.3)
  PM/DM 28 (21.7)
  SSc 18 (14.0)
  AAV 12 (9.3)
  SLE 4 (3.1)
Common comorbidities
  Hypertension 59 (45.7)
  Diabetes mellitus 29 (22.5)
  Coronary artery disease 28 (21.7)
  Pulmonary neoplasms 3 (2.3)

All data are presented as n (%) or $\bar x \pm s$. CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; pSS, primary Sjögren syndrome; PM/DM, polymyositis/dermatomyositis; SSc, systemic sclerosis; AAV, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis; SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus.

2.2 抗CTD治疗药物分析

129例老年CTD-ILD患者治疗方案常包含多种类型的药物,98例使用糖皮质激素,108例使用IS/csDMARDs(其中环磷酰胺、雷公藤多苷最常用),bDMARDs与tsDMARDs使用率较低(表 2)。
表2 老年CTD-ILD患者抗CTD治疗药物分布

Table 2 Distribution of CTD targeted therapies in elderly CTD-ILD patients

Therapeutic classification Value, n (%) Total, n (%)
Glucocorticoids 98 (76.0)
IS/csDRAMDs 108 (83.7)
  CTX 61 (47.3)
  TGT 58 (45.0)
  MTX 36 (27.9)
  LEF 26 (20.2)
  HCQ 21 (16.3)
  MMF 20 (15.5)
  TAC 17 (13.2)
  CsA 4 (3.1)
bDRAMDs 17 (13.2)
  Tocilizumab 8 (6.2)
  Adalimumab 5 (3.9)
  Rituximab 4 (3.1)
tsDRAMDs 22 (17.1)
  Tofacitinib 15 (11.6)
  Baricitinib 7 (5.4)

CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; IS, immunosuppressants; csDRAMDs, conventional synthetic disease- modifying antirheumatic drugs; bDRAMDs, biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; tsDRAMDs, targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs; CTX, cyclophosphamide; TGT, tripterygium glycosides tablet; MTX, methotrexate; LEF, leflunomide; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine sulfate; MMF, mycophenolate mofetil; TAC, tacrolimus; CsA, cyclosporine.

2.3 抗纤维化药物的安全性

129例老年CTD-ILD患者中,41例(31.8%)接受抗纤维化治疗[尼达尼布21例(51.2%),吡非尼酮13例(31.7%)],7例(17.1%)因不耐受(主要为胃肠道反应)更换药物。安全性分析显示:16例(39.0%)出现胃肠道症状[腹泻11例(26.8%),恶心9例(22.0%)],7例(17.1%)发生肝功能异常。16例发生胃肠道反应的患者表现为轻度恶心及腹泻,食欲轻微下降,不影响正常进食及日常活动,7例(17.1%)肝功能异常患者,表现为转氨酶升高至正常值上限的3~5倍,上述患者所有不良反应均在停药或对症药物干预后得到改善或完全恢复。

2.4 抗纤维化治疗对肺部疾病进展的影响

影像学进展:94例完成6个月HRCT随访的患者中,抗纤维化组(n=32)患者6个月HRCT进展率为31.3%, 未使用抗纤维化组(n=62)6个月HRCT进展率为45.2%,两组差异无统计学意义(P=0.193)。肺功能恶化:129例完成肺功能随访者中,抗纤维化组肺功能恶化率显著低于未使用抗纤维化组(P=0.041,表 3)。上述两组患者在抗CTD治疗方案方面,观察期内糖皮质激素、IS/csDMARDs等背景治疗的药物种类、使用剂量及用药时长差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),排除了其他药物对HRCT及肺功能的干扰。
表3 老年CTD-ILD患者肺功能进展

Table 3 Pulmonary function progression in elderly CTD-ILD patients

Pulmonary function parameters Non-antifibrotic group (n=88) Antifibrotic group (n=41) χ2 P
FVC% pred decline ≥5% 34 (38.6) 13 (31.7)
DLCO% pred decline ≥10% 25 (28.4) 10 (24.4)
Total 47 (53.4) 14 (34.1) 4.163 0.041

All data are presented with n (%). CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; FVC% pred, forced vital capacity percent predicted; DLCO% pred, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide percent predicted.

2.5 老年CTD-ILD肺部疾病进展的相关因素

129例患者中,肺功能进展组(n=61)的吸烟人群占比高于未进展组(n=68)(27.1% vs. 15.7%),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.132);且进展组平均年龄(68.56±11.00岁)高于未进展组(62.76± 11.66岁),但差异无统计学意义(P=0.113);上述结果提示吸烟史和年龄可能为导致CTD-ILD患者肺部疾病进展的因素。此外,进展组CTD亚型以SSc、PM/DM居多,而未进展组以RA、pSS居多,提示SSc、PM/DM可能为CTD-ILD患者肺部疾病进展的高风险类型。本研究队列中,快速进展性间质性肺病(rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease,RP- ILD)患者(n=7)和死亡患者(n=3)例数较少,但7例RP-ILD患者胸部HRCT大多表现为广泛的磨玻璃影,以实变为主,3例死亡患者均来自上述RP-ILD亚组,死因均为呼吸衰竭或合并严重感染。

2.6 老年CTD-ILD患者预后及转归

129例老年CTD-ILD患者中位随访24个月(表 4),主要不良事件包括感染、心血管事件、呼吸衰竭、进展为RP-ILD以及死亡。87例发生感染,感染患者的CTD亚型以PM/DM、SSc居多,感染部位以肺部感染(61例)最常见,最常见的病原体为细菌,少数发生了机会性感染,如肺孢子菌(Pneumocystis jirovecii)肺炎6例, 巨细胞病毒肺炎3例;此外,15例出现心血管事件,18例发生呼吸衰竭;7例进展为RP-ILD,3例死亡。
表4 老年CTD-ILD患者2年内的主要不良事件发生情况

Table 4 Incidence of major adverse events in elderly CTD-ILD patients over a 2-year period

Adverse event classification Value, n (%) Total, n (%)
Infection 87 (67.4)
  Pulmonary infection 61 (47.3)
  Upper respiratory tract infection 53 (41.1)
  Urinary tract infection 15 (11.6)
  VZV infection 4 (3.1)
Cardiovascular events 15 (11.6)
  Heart failure 9 (7.0)
  Pulmonary hypertension 6 (4.7)
Respiratory failure 18 (14.0)
RP-ILD 7 (5.4)
All-cause mortality 3 (2.3)

CTD-ILD, connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease; VZV, varicella-zoster virus; RP-ILD, rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease.

3 讨论

肺脏由于含有丰富的胶原、血管等结缔组织并具有免疫调节、代谢、内分泌等功能,成为CTD常累及的靶器官[18]。CTD-ILD发病机制尚未完全明确,涉及肺组织免疫介导的炎症反应及异常修复过程,最终导致肺纤维化[19]。CTD-ILD是影响CTD患者预后的关键因素,具有较高的致残率和致死率[20]。多项研究已表明, CTD-ILD的其中一项危险因素为高龄,其发病率随年龄增长而升高[21-22]。本研究聚焦于老年CTD-ILD这一特殊人群,发现其CTD类型分布以RA、pSS和PM/DM为主,与年轻CTD-ILD患者以SSc为主导的分布特征存在差异[12],提示年龄可能影响CTD-ILD的疾病谱。值得注意的是,老年患者合并高血压、糖尿病及冠心病的比例显著高于普通CTD人群[3],这与年龄相关的血管内皮功能障碍和代谢异常密切相关,进一步增加了治疗复杂性。
本研究首先聚焦老年CTD-ILD的治疗现状与困境,76.0%的患者接受糖皮质激素治疗,83.7%使用csDMARDs(环磷酰胺47.3%、雷公藤多苷45.0%),而bDMARDs/tsDMARDs使用率不足17.0%, 这一用药模式反映临床实践中仍以传统免疫抑制方案为主,可能与老年患者经济负担、合并症风险及药物安全性顾虑相关。尤其值得关注的是,本研究高达67.4%的患者在随访期间发生感染(肺部感染占47.3%),远超SLS Ⅱ研究[23]中普通人群SSc-ILD队列发生肺部感染占比(15.1%),提示过度免疫抑制可能是老年患者感染高发的重要诱因,凸显老年CTD-ILD感染防控的重要性。因此,老年群体的免疫抑制强度需更精准权衡,例如考虑优先选用感染风险较低的药物,如羟氯喹或低剂量霉酚酸酯,并强化感染预防措施,必要时联用抗生素预防,如复方磺胺甲唑预防肺孢子菌肺炎[24-25]
另外,本研究提供中国老年CTD-ILD患者抗纤维化治疗的真实世界证据,研究结果显示抗纤维化治疗组6个月影像学HRCT进展比例低于未使用抗纤维化治疗组,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而肺功能恶化比例显著低于未使用抗纤维化治疗组(34.1% vs. 53.4%, P=0.041),且抗纤维化治疗组绝对风险降低,表明抗纤维化治疗可减缓肺功能下降趋势,这与SENSCIS亚组分析[7]中尼达尼布延缓SSc-ILD进展的结论一致。影像学进展与肺功能恶化的不一致性可能是由于时间窗差异,肺功能变化可能早于HRCT可见的纤维化结构改变。然而,抗纤维化药物在老年群体中的耐受性仍是重大挑战:39.0%的患者因胃肠道反应(腹泻26.8%,恶心22.0%)或肝功能异常(17.1%)需调整用药,与既往报道[10-11]的抗纤维化药物毒性谱一致。
本研究2年全因死亡率达2.3%,低于INBUILD老年亚组(11.2%)[26],但本研究中呼吸衰竭(14.0%) 和RP-ILD进展率(5.4%)反映老年患者呼吸功能代偿能力更差,凸显疾病严重性。基于本研究,我们提出老年CTD-ILD管理的核心原则:首先,应治疗目标个体化,对高龄、多合并症患者,应以“稳定肺功能、减少急性加重”为核心目标,而非追求免疫完全缓解;其次,抗纤维化治疗时机前移,对HRCT显示纤维化优势型病变或肺功能进行性下降者,早期联用抗纤维化药物可能延缓进展;最后,疾病管理推荐多学科协作模式,风湿科、呼吸科、影像科、老年医学及药学团队协作,动态评估感染风险、药物相互作用及共病管理。
本研究为单中心回顾性分析,存在以下局限性:(1)样本量有限,尤其在抗纤维化治疗亚组中样本量较小,限制抗纤维化治疗亚组的统计效能;(2)尽管调整了包括年龄、性别、CTD亚型、合并症及背景治疗在内的多个临床变量,但仍可能存在未测量或未记录的混杂因素(如疾病活动度、患者依从性、环境暴露等),这些因素可能影响肺功能进展或治疗决策;(3)由于是回顾性研究,缺乏标准化治疗方案,药物选择存在偏倚。未来可开展多中心、前瞻性、大样本研究,探索老年特异性治疗应答生物标志物,以进一步验证抗纤维化药物在老年CTD-ILD患者中的疗效与安全性,建立老年CTD-ILD的评估模型。

利益冲突  所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。

作者贡献声明  兰静雯:收集数据,统计分析,撰写文章;陈哲:整理数据,指导文章撰写;程永静、赵丽珂:提供研究思路,设计研究方案,指导文章撰写,审核、润色论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。

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