1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
1.2 随访情况
1.3 研究指标
1.3.1 体格指标测定及追赶生长评定
1.3.2 维生素及骨密度测定
1.3.3 运动发育评估
1.3.4 喂养方式评定
1.4 统计学方法
2 结果
2.1 一般资料
2.2 早产SGA与足月SGA主要体格指标比较
表1 早产SGA和足月SGA体重、身长和头围比较Table 1 Comparison of weight, body length and head circumference between preterm SGA and full-term SGA |
| Months of age | Group | Weight/kg | Body length/cm | Head circumference/cm | |||||
| n | $\bar x \pm s$ | n | $\bar x \pm s$ | n | $\bar x \pm s$ | ||||
| At the moment of birth | Full-term | 71 | 2.28±0.30 | 71 | 45.70±2.31 | 41 | 32.26±1.56 | ||
| Preterm | 87 | 1.47±0.41* | 87 | 39.37±4.39* | 55 | 28.72±2.77* | |||
| 0-3 | Full-term | 39 | 4.30±0.86 | 39 | 54.49±3.18 | 38 | 37.12±1.66 | ||
| Preterm | 81 | 4.81±1.15* | 81 | 55.54±4.27 | 81 | 38.18±2.14* | |||
| 3-6 | Full-term | 64 | 6.39±0.98 | 64 | 62.54±3.01 | 63 | 40.58±1.60 | ||
| Preterm | 73 | 6.48±0.97 | 73 | 62.34±3.12 | 73 | 41.00±1.61 | |||
| 6-10 | Full-term | 58 | 7.45±1.06 | 58 | 66.65±2.86 | 57 | 42.35±1.70 | ||
| Preterm | 76 | 7.53±1.07 | 76 | 67.37±2.68 | 74 | 43.04±1.54* | |||
| 10-16 | Full-term | 53 | 8.79±1.15 | 52 | 72.82±3.23 | 52 | 44.76±1.42 | ||
| Preterm | 59 | 8.82±1.18 | 59 | 73.84±2.87 | 58 | 44.83±1.59 | |||
| 16-21 | Full-term | 26 | 9.78±1.27 | 26 | 78.76±3.64 | 24 | 45.78±1.36 | ||
| Preterm | 44 | 9.64±1.10 | 44 | 78.93±3.44 | 44 | 45.65±2.58 | |||
| 21-27 | Full-term | 13 | 11.23±1.86 | 13 | 85.63±6.23 | 12 | 47.39±0.99 | ||
| Preterm | 32 | 10.89±1.26 | 31 | 85.87±4.31 | 31 | 46.68±1.67 | |||
The age of 3, 6, 10, 16 and 21 months are included in the subsequent follow-up period, respectively. Bonferroni corrected P values, and there were 7 follow-up time points for independent hypothesis testing of different physical indicators, and the significance level of a single test was adjusted to 0.05/7. *P < 0.05/7, vs. full-term group. The sample size differed because of missing data at follow-up. |
2.3 早产SGA与足月SGA追赶生长情况比较
表2 早产SGA与足月SGA追赶生长情况比较Table 2 Comparison of catch-up growth of preterm SGA and full-term SGA |
| Months of age | Groups | Catch-up group,n(%) | No catch-up group, n(%) | Statistics | P |
| 0-3 | Full-term | 20 (51.3) | 19 (48.7) | χ2=3.610 | 0.057 |
| Preterm | 56 (69.1) | 25 (30.9) | |||
| 3-6 | Full-term | 46 (71.9) | 18 (28.1) | χ2=0.067 | 0.796 |
| Preterm | 51 (69.9) | 22 (30.1) | |||
| 6-10 | Full-term | 45 (77.6) | 13 (22.4) | χ2=1.032 | 0.310 |
| Preterm | 53 (69.7) | 23 (30.3) | |||
| 10-16 | Full-term | 45 (84.9) | 8 (15.1) | χ2=3.031 | 0.082 |
| Preterm | 42 (71.2) | 17 (28.8) | |||
| 16-21 | Full-term | 19 (73.1) | 7 (26.9) | χ2=0.388 | 0.533 |
| Preterm | 35 (79.5) | 9 (20.5) | |||
| 21-27 | Full-term | 11 (84.6) | 2 (15.4) | 0.696a | |
| Preterm | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) |
The age of 3, 6, 10, 16 and 21 months are included in the subsequent follow-up period, respectively. a, Fisher’s exact test. |
2.4 早产SGA与足月SGA维生素A、D水平及骨密度比较
表3 早产SGA和足月SGA骨密度变化情况Table 3 Bone mineral density changes of preterm SGA and full-term SGA |
| Months of age | Groups | n | Bone mineral density (Z value),$\bar x \pm s$ | t | P |
| 0-3 | Full-term | 31 | -1.510±0.995 | 2.123 | 0.928 |
| Preterm | 68 | -1.980±1.050 | |||
| 3-6 | Full-term | 59 | -1.306±1.220 | 0.760 | 0.699 |
| Preterm | 65 | -1.465±1.098 | |||
| 6-10 | Full-term | 51 | -0.792±0.918 | 0.495 | 0.532 |
| Preterm | 57 | -0.875±0.830 | |||
| 10-16 | Full-term | 47 | 0.034±0.936 | -0.927 | 0.832 |
| Preterm | 50 | 0.210±0.932 | |||
| 16-21 | Full-term | 21 | 0.367±1.075 | -0.236 | 0.843 |
| Preterm | 29 | 0.438±1.037 | |||
| 21-27 | Full-term | 11 | 0.552±1.088 | 0.269 | 0.961 |
| Preterm | 26 | 0.438±1.214 |
The age of 3, 6, 10, 16 and 21 months are included in the subsequent follow-up period, respectively. The sample size changed due to the absence of bone mineral density measurement in different follow-up periods. Bonferroni corrected P values, and there were six follow-up time points for indepen-dent hypothesis testing of bone mineral density indicators, with the significance level adjusted to 0.05/6 for individual tests. |
2.5 早产SGA和足月SGA运动发育指标的比较
表4 早产SGA与足月SGA运动发育情况比较Table 4 Comparison of motor development of preterm SGA and full-term SGA |
| Months of age | Groups | n | GMQ, $\bar x \pm s$ | FMQ, $\bar x \pm s$ | TDQ, $\bar x \pm s$ |
| 0-3 | Full-term | 10 | 99.50±5.68 | 102.00±8.08 | 101.60±6.62 |
| Preterm | 57 | 101.26±5.64 | 100.60±6.04 | 100.89±5.57 | |
| 3-6 | Full-term | 26 | 96.00±5.00 | 97.58±4.57 | 96.65±3.57 |
| Preterm | 62 | 99.79±4.83* | 101.35±4.63* | 100.31±4.69* | |
| 6-10 | Full-term | 24 | 96.88±4.91 | 97.38±4.83 | 96.60±3.53 |
| Preterm | 45 | 100.16±5.90* | 100.60±5.30* | 100.16±5.13* | |
| 10-16 | Full-term | 18 | 97.06±7.47 | 100.22±8.18 | 97.84±7.94 |
| Preterm | 33 | 96.09±6.62 | 102.00±8.51 | 98.24±7.11 | |
| 16-21 | Full-term | 9 | 100.22±9.44 | 99.67±9.90 | 100.47±7.92 |
| Preterm | 21 | 97.71±7.89 | 104.00±4.87 | 100.33±5.96 | |
| 21-27 | Full-term | 5 | 99.60±4.78 | 97.80±12.78 | 100.00±4.79 |
| Preterm | 7 | 97.86±5.05 | 100.43±2.70 | 98.71±2.29 |
The age of 3, 6, 10, 16 and 21 months are included in the subsequent follow-up period, respectively. The sample size changed due to the absence of motor development assessment in different follow-up periods. Bonferroni corrected P values, there were six follow-up time points for independent hypothesis testing of different motor indicators, and the significance level of the individual tests was adjusted to 0.05/6, *P < 0.05/6, vs. full-term group. GMQ, gross motor quotient; FMQ, fine motor quotient; TDQ, total development quotient. |
2.6 早产SGA喂养方式与追赶生长的关系
表5 早产SGA追赶生长与喂养方式关系Table 5 Relationship between catch-up growth and feeding patterns in preterm SGA infants |
| Months of age | Feeding patterns | Catch-up, n(%) | No catch-up, n(%) | P | aOR | 95%CI |
| 0-3 | Breast milk | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | 0.045 | 6.29 | 1.04-37.8 |
| Formula milk | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | 0.965 | 1.04 | 0.18-6.03 | |
| Mixed | 20 (80.0) | 5 (20.0) | 0.149 | 3.19 | 0.66-15.43 | |
| 3-6 | Breast milk | 15 (83.3) | 3 (16.7) | 0.024 | 27.67 | 1.54-499.04 |
| Formula milk | 13 (61.9) | 8 (38.1) | 0.372 | 3.62 | 0.22-61.11 | |
| Mixed | 22 (78.6) | 6 (21.4) | 0.074 | 12.89 | 0.78-212.40 |
aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confident intervals. |
2.7 SGA及其追赶生长的相关因素
表6 SGA发生相关因素和生后追赶生长的关系Table 6 The relationship between risk factors of SGA and catch-up growth |
| Factors | CUG1 | CUG2 | CUG3 | CUG4 | CUG5 | CUG6 | |||||||||||
| Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||||
| Gestational hypertension | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 32 | 21 | 50 | 20 | 48 | 19 | 42 | 9 | 20 | 7 | 12 | 4 | |||||
| Yes | 44 | 23 | 47 | 20 | 50 | 17 | 45 | 16 | 33 | 10 | 20 | 6 | |||||
| P | 0.550 | 0.869 | 0.697 | 0.277 | 0.800 | >0.999 | |||||||||||
| Gestational diabetes mellitus | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 51 | 27 | 72 | 22 | 68 | 21 | 61 | 12 | 36 | 9 | 24 | 5 | |||||
| Yes | 25 | 17 | 25 | 18 | 30 | 15 | 26 | 13 | 17 | 8 | 8 | 5 | |||||
| P | 0.525 | 0.027 | 0.230 | 0.041 | 0.262 | 0.238 | |||||||||||
| Liver and kidney diseases | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 73 | 39 | 91 | 35 | 92 | 33 | 82 | 22 | 49 | 16 | 32 | 9 | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |||||
| P | 0.141 | 0.298 | 0.701 | 0.374 | >0.999 | 0.238 | |||||||||||
| Placental abnormalities | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 67 | 36 | 83 | 32 | 85 | 32 | 76 | 22 | 51 | 14 | 32 | 10 | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 8 | 14 | 8 | 13 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| P | 0.337 | 0.420 | 0.783 | >0.999 | 0.088 | ||||||||||||
| Umbilical cord abnormalities | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 67 | 37 | 85 | 34 | 86 | 34 | 76 | 24 | 48 | 17 | 29 | 10 | |||||
| Yes | 9 | 7 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 2 | 11 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 | |||||
| P | 0.528 | 0.679 | 0.351 | 0.294 | 0.325 | 0.568 | |||||||||||
| Twin pregnancy | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 53 | 36 | 74 | 34 | 80 | 29 | 70 | 21 | 42 | 14 | 28 | 9 | |||||
| Yes | 23 | 8 | 23 | 6 | 18 | 7 | 17 | 4 | 11 | 3 | 4 | 1 | |||||
| P | 0.145 | 0.256 | 0.887 | 0.780 | >0.999 | >0.999 | |||||||||||
CUG 1-6 represented catch-up growth at 0-3, 3-6, 6-10, 10-16, 16-21, and 21-27 months, respectively. The age of 3, 6, 10, 16 and 21 months are included in the subsequent follow-up period, respectively. “Yes” represents the occurrence of catch-up growth and “No” represents the absence of catch-up growth. |
