1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
1.2 方法
1.2.1 调查工具
表1 HAPA量表的维度、定义及Cronbach’ s α系数Table 1 Dimension, definition, and Cronbach' s α of HAPA scale |
| Dimension | Number | Definition | Sample question | Cronbach’s α |
Perceived risk susceptibility | 3 | Awareness of the probability of the occurrence of T2DM-related risk | My blood sugar levels are likely to rise | 0.918 |
| Perceived risk severity | 2 | Awareness of the severity of T2DM-related risk | The aggravation of diabetes will affect my normal life and work | 0.883 |
| Positive outcome expectancies | 3 | Expectation of potential positive outcomes of diet management | Adopting a diabetic diet can make me feel better | 0.801 |
| Negative outcome expectancies | 3 | Expectation of potential negative outcomes of diet management | I waste more energy following a diabetic diet | 0.706 |
| Intention | 3 | Willingness to engage in diet management | I will learn about diabetes diet | 0.769 |
| Action planning | 4 | Planning for when, where, and how to engage in diet management | I know when to eat healthy | 0.892 |
| Coping planning | 3 | Planning for management to address obstacles that may disrupt diet management | I already know what to do if something happens that interferes with my eating plan | 0.942 |
| Action self-efficacy | 3 | Confidence in carrying out diet management | While it took some time to adjust to the new way of eating, I remained confident in sticking to my diet plan | 0.620 |
| Maintenance self-efficacy | 5 | Confidence in addressing obstacles that may disrupt diet management | Even when I’m out, I’m confident I’ll stick to my eating plan | 0.923 |
| Recovery self-efficacy | 3 | Confidence in overcoming setbacks and resuming diet management after failure | I have confidence in sticking to my eating plan when I encounter difficulties (like not having time to buy or cook the right foods) | 0.850 |
HAPA, health action process approach; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. |
1.2.2 质量控制
1.3 统计学分析
2 结果
2.1 研究对象的基本特征和血糖水平
表2 2型糖尿病患者的基本特征Table 2 General characteristics of people with type 2 diabetes |
| Items | Population (n = 819) |
| Age/years, ${\bar x}$±s | 64.7±8.2 |
| Gender, n (%) | |
| Male | 444 (54.2) |
| Female | 375 (45.8) |
| Nation, n (%) | |
| Han | 813 (99.3) |
| Minority | 6 (0.7) |
| Residence, n (%) | |
| Urban | 615 (75.1) |
| Rural | 204 (24.9) |
| Education level, n (%) | |
| Junior high school or lower | 382 (46.6) |
| Senior high school or technical secondary school | 265 (32.4) |
| Junior college or higher | 172 (21.0) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |
| Unmarried | 5 (0.6) |
| Married | 745 (91.0) |
| Divorced or bereft of one’s spouse | 69 (8.4) |
| Average household monthly income/yuan, n (%) | |
| ≤1 000 | 85 (10.4) |
| >1 000-≤3 000 | 185 (22.6) |
| >3 000-≤5 000 | 282 (34.4) |
| >5 000 | 267 (32.6) |
| HbA1c/%, ${\bar x}$±s | 7.1±1.1 |
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin. |
2.2 研究对象的总体饮食管理情况
2.3 研究对象的膳食模式
表3 2型糖尿病患者的膳食模式及主要食物因子载荷Table 3 Dietary patterns and major food factor loadings of people with type 2 diabetes |
| Component | Medium/low GI pattern | Meat pattern | Fruit pattern | High GI and starchy pattern | Egg and milk pattern |
| Low/medium GI staple food | 0.682 | ||||
| High GI staple food | 0.276 | 0.351 | 0.433 | -0.246 | |
| Tubers products | 0.292 | 0.719 | |||
| Starchy vegetables | 0.694 | 0.277 | |||
| Green vegetables | 0.636 | 0.211 | -0.281 | ||
| Low/medium GI fruits | 0.225 | 0.755 | |||
| High GI fruits | 0.782 | ||||
| Red meat | 0.758 | ||||
| White meat | 0.719 | ||||
| Processed meat | 0.645 | ||||
| Eggs | 0.707 | ||||
| Milk products | 0.727 | ||||
| Teas | 0.491 |
GI, glycemic index. |
2.4 研究对象的HAPA量表得分情况
表4 2型糖尿病患者的HAPA得分情况Table 4 HAPA score of people with type 2 diabetes |
| Dimension | Total score | Actual score, M (P25, P75) |
| Perceived risk susceptibility | 15 | 9.0 (6.0, 11.0) |
| Perceived risk severity | 10 | 6.0 (4.0, 8.0) |
| Positive outcome expectancies | 15 | 12.0 (10.0, 13.0) |
| Negative outcome expectancies | 15 | 10.0 (8.0, 12.0) |
| Intention | 15 | 12.0 (10.0, 13.0) |
| Action planning | 20 | 16.0 (12.0, 16.0) |
| Coping planning | 15 | 12.0 (9.0, 13.0) |
| Action self-efficacy | 15 | 10.0 (8.0, 12.0) |
| Maintenance self-efficacy | 25 | 18.0 (14.0, 20.0) |
| Recovery self-efficacy | 15 | 9.0 (7.0, 11.0) |
HAPA, health action process approach. |
