收稿日期: 2026-02-02
网络出版日期: 2026-02-27
基金资助
北京研究型病房卓越计划项目(BRWEP2024W032150100)
北京研究型病房卓越计划项目(BRWEP2024W032150101)
版权
Clinical strategies for perioperative management of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in the immunotherapy era
Received date: 2026-02-02
Online published: 2026-02-27
Supported by
the Beijing Research Ward Excellence Program(BRWEP2024W032150100)
the Beijing Research Ward Excellence Program(BRWEP2024W032150101)
Copyright
食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC)是中国高发的恶性肿瘤,以手术为核心的新辅助化疗或放化疗虽已成为局部晚期患者的标准治疗模式,但由于远处转移风险高,患者的远期生存获益仍遭遇瓶颈。近年来,免疫检查点抑制剂的引入显著改变了ESCC的围手术期治疗格局。本文综述了ESCC新辅助免疫治疗单药、免疫联合化疗、免疫联合放化疗及术后辅助免疫治疗的最新临床研究进展。现有证据表明,新辅助联合放疗在提高局部控制率及根治性切除率方面优势明显,但在转化为远期生存获益方面仍存在局限;与之相比,新辅助免疫联合化疗在显著提高病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR)率的同时,亦通过更强的全身控制有效降低了远处转移风险。尽管新辅助免疫联合放化疗进一步提升了局部缓解率,但毒性负担增加,且远期生存获益尚待证实。因此,围手术期治疗策略应趋向个体化分层:对于局部肿瘤负荷大(T分期高)者,推荐引入放疗以强化局部控制,提高根治性切除率;对于淋巴结转移负荷较重(N分期高)、远处复发风险高者,应侧重以免疫为基础的全身治疗。在术后辅助治疗方面,免疫治疗可改善新辅助放化疗后非pCR患者的预后。结合循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)等动态生物标志物的检测以及对新型免疫靶点的探索,将有助于ESCC围手术期精准治疗的进一步优化。
付浩 , 申潞艳 , 黄冰洋 , 马少华 . 免疫治疗背景下食管鳞状细胞癌围手术期治疗的临床思考[J]. 北京大学学报(医学版), 2026 , 58(2) : 266 -271 . DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.02.007
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a highly prevalent and lethal malignancy in China and other East Asian countries. For patients with locally advanced disease, neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery has become the standard treatment paradigm. However, despite improvements in local tumor control and surgical outcomes, long-term survival remains unsatisfactory, largely due to the high incidence of distant metastasis and systemic disease progression. Therefore, optimizing perioperative systemic therapy represents a critical unmet clinical need in ESCC. In recent years, the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has profoundly reshaped the perioperative treatment landscape of ESCC. This review comprehensively summarizes recent clinical advances in perioperative immunotherapy for ESCC, including neoadjuvant immunotherapy alone, neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy, neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy, and postoperative adjuvant immunotherapy. Current data indicate that neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy remains highly effective in improving local control, downstaging tumors, and increasing the rate of R0 resection. Nevertheless, its ability to translate these advantages into durable survival benefit is limited, and distant recurrence remains a major cause of treatment failure. In contrast, neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy has demonstrated a marked improvement in pathological complete response (pCR) rates across multiple early-phase trials. More importantly, this strategy appears to provide supe-rior systemic disease control, thereby reducing the risk of distant metastasis and offering a promising avenue for improving long-term survival. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy combined with chemoradiotherapy has shown further enhancement of local response and tumor regression; however, this approach is asso-ciated with increased treatment-related toxicity, and robust evidence supporting a clear survival advantage is still lacking. As a result, the optimal integration of radiotherapy into immunotherapy-based perioperative regimens remains an area of active investigation. Given the heterogeneity of ESCC, perioperative treatment strategies should evolve toward individualized, risk-adapted approaches. For patients with a high local tumor burden (advanced T stage), the incorporation of radiotherapy may be beneficial to reinforce local control and improve resectability. Conversely, for patients with extensive lymph node involvement (advanced N stage) and a high risk of distant relapse, immunotherapy-based systemic treatment should be prioritized. In the postoperative setting, adjuvant immunotherapy has been shown to improve outcomes in patients who fail to achieve pCR after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Looking forward, the integration of dynamic biomarkers, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), along with the identification of novel immune targets and predictive biomarkers, is expected to further refine patient selection and optimize precision perioperative treatment strategies for ESCC.
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突。
作者贡献声明 马少华:提出研究思路,总体把关和审定论文;付浩:文献检索,撰写论文;黄冰洋、申潞艳:文献检索,修改论文。所有作者均参与论文修改,并对最终文稿进行审读和确认。
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