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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2022, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (2): 327-334. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2022.02.021

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Initial establishment of digital reference standardized crown models of the primary teeth

FENG Sha-wei1,GUO Hui1,WANG Yong2,ZHAO Yi-jiao2,△(),LIU He1,△()   

  1. 1. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
    2. Center for Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
  • Received:2020-03-11 Online:2022-04-18 Published:2022-04-13
  • Contact: Yi-jiao ZHAO,He LIU E-mail:kqcadcs@bjmu.edu.cn;heliu69@126.com
  • Supported by:
    Key Research and Development Program of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region(2018BEG02012)

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Abstract:

Objective: To explore the construction process of the digital reference crown models, and to initially establish the digital reference crown models of the primary teeth to lay the foundation for the establishment of the standardized crown models and the future related applications of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacture (CAD/CAM) technology to pediatric dentistry. Methods: This study randomly selected children who were caries free, aged from 4 to 5 years in several kindergartens of Haidian District of Beijing. Plaster dental models were made for the children after taking complete impressions. The digital dental models were reconstructed by using the three-dimensional (3D) dental model scanner. And then, Geomagic Studio, a 3D reverse engineering software, was employed to extract the single dental crown data, the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and the height of the crowns were measured. The object was reduced or enlarged by a numerical factor, and then the size of each dental crown was standardized. A total of 3-5 points features on the crown were created, and all the objects were aligned through the functions of feature-based alignment. Finally, through average-based object creation and smoothing, the digital models of reference crowns of the primary teeth were established. Results: A total of 40 plaster dental models from 16 boys and 26 girls were selected out for our further study. The digital dental models were reconstructed, and the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters and the height of the crowns were measured by using reverse engineering technology. Comparing the results of using mesiodistal diameter, buccolingual diameter and height as the standards, we chose the mesiodistal diameters of crowns to do the standardization, and successfully established the digital reference models of 20 primary teeth crowns with detailed surface characteristics. Conclusion: In this study, the digital reference crown models of the primary teeth were established by reverse engineering technology, providing reference value for the standardized crown models and application for clinical practice, scientific research and teaching. Furthermore, this study also contributes to the extensive application of CAD/CAM technology in pediatric dentistry and the development of CAD/CAM dental systems with independent intellectual property rights.

Key words: Deciduous tooth, Tooth crown, Computer-aided design, Child, preschool

CLC Number: 

  • R788

Figure 1

Extracted the single dental crown data A, drawing clipping curves interactively along the gingival margins; B and C, diagrams from buccal and occlusal surface after extracting the single dental crown data."

Figure 2

Diagrams of the method of adjusting crowns' position and posture A, adjusting the coordinate axes to define the view; B and C, adjusting the freedom degree of rotation."

Table 1

Results of the intraclass correlation coefficient"

Measurement items Primary central incisor The first primary molar
Mesiodistal Buccolingual Height Mesiodistal Buccolingual Height
Similar correlation 0.966 0.987 0.996 0.988 0.978 0.984
Lower limit 0.869 0.973 0.986 0.954 0.956 0.936
Upper limit 0.991 0.997 0.999 0.997 0.995 0.996

Table 2

Measurements of the mesiodistal buccolingual diameters and the height of crowns"

Tooth position Mesiodistal/mm, x -±s Buccolingual/mm, x -±s Height/mm, x -±s
51 6.718 0±0.373 2 5.284 3±0.365 3 4.976 7±0.578 3
52 5.530 4±0.340 7 4.938 5±0.386 5 4.436 2±0.532 7
53 6.746 2±0.386 5 6.087 3±0.555 4 5.200 0±0.685 2
54 7.402 2±0.384 6 9.144 1±0.557 9 4.618 6±0.513 3
55 9.466 4±0.439 1 10.405 5±0.556 0 4.362 0±0.409 1
61 6.689 2±0.363 2 5.238 6±0.351 3 5.055 2±0.518 2
62 5.567 2±0.406 6 4.943 5±0.331 7 4.534 3±0.549 7
63 6.727 4±0.353 6 5.948 1±0.387 9 5.113 9±0.590 4
64 7.293 4±0.350 1 9.247 1±0.474 4 4.652 7±0.416 7
65 9.462 1±0.557 9 10.341 4±0.548 0 4.352 2±0.380 6
71 4.209 6±0.215 9 3.984 9±0.369 5 4.290 4±0.487 7
72 4.802 6±0.313 9 4.456 3±0.325 1 4.715 2±0.384 6
73 5.921 5±0.263 1 5.601 5±0.416 6 5.431 1±0.447 5
74 8.221 0±0.365 6 7.851 0±0.522 0 4.973 1±0.492 6
75 10.284 3±0.509 5 9.435 7±0.496 8 4.379 8±0.306 6
81 4.229 7±0.205 3 4.126 8±0.374 4 4.349 9±0.580 5
82 4.850 1±0.385 5 4.474 3±0.376 0 4.684 9±0.544 6
83 5.939 3±0.318 2 5.748 0±0.469 1 5.569 6±0.625 7
84 8.197 3±0.365 0 7.944 5±0.502 6 5.057 6±0.574 3
85 10.090 4±0.542 3 9.597 7±0.517 5 4.360 2±0.482 5

Table 3

Reference standard of the standardization of the dental crowns' size"

Reference standard Variable Ave. before standardization/mm Ave. after standardization/mm Difference between the Ave./mm, x -±s P value
Mesiodistal Buccolingual 0.203 9 0.199 7 -0.004 4±0.047 8 0.686 1
Height 0.263 3 0.243 6 -0.019 4±0.037 5 0.032 1
Buccolingual Mesiodistal 0.146 4 0.206 9 0.062 0±0.072 1 0.001 1
Height 0.263 3 0.264 2 0.000 8±0.073 4 0.960 4
Height Mesiodistal 0.146 4 0.532 5 0.381 5±0.243 1 <0.000 1
Buccolingual 0.203 9 0.511 5 0.301 3±0.205 2 <0.000 1

Figure 3

Process of the establishment of digital reference crown models of the primary teeth"

Figure 4

Diagrams of the reference crown models of the primary teeth A, buccal surface of the maxillary teeth; B, buccal surface of the mandibular teeth; C, occlusal surface of the maxillary teeth; D, occlusal surface of the mandibular teeth."

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