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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 680-686. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.04.022

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Retrospective study on the impact of penile corpus cavernosum injection test on penile vascular function

Yan CHEN1,2,Kuangmeng LI3,Kai HONG1,2,Shudong ZHANG1,Jianxing CHENG1,2,Zhongjie ZHENG1,2,Wenhao TANG1,2,Lianming ZHAO1,2,Haitao ZHANG1,2,Hui JIANG4,*(),Haocheng LIN1,2,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
    2. Reproductive Medicine Center, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
    3. Department of Ultrasound, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
    4. Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
  • Received:2024-03-16 Online:2024-08-18 Published:2024-07-23
  • Contact: Hui JIANG,Haocheng LIN E-mail:jianghui55@163.com;haochenglin292@163.com
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82371633);the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities: Peking University Clinical Scientist Program(BMU2023PYJ H012)

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Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the impact of age, various hormonal levels, and biochemical markers on penile cavernous body vascular function in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Me-thods: A retrospective analysis of clinical data from male patients with ED who underwent color duplex Doppler ultrasonography (CDDU) and intracavernosal injection test (ICI) at the Reproductive Medicine Center of Peking University Third Hospital from January 2020 to August 2023. Data were managed and processed using SPSS 29.0, and a multivariable Logistic regression analysis was conducted. Results: A total of 700 ED patients were included, with 380 showing negative ICI results and 320 positive. In the study, 84 patients had a peak systolic velocity (PSV) < 25 cm/s, while 616 had PSV≥25 cm/s; 202 patients had end-diastolic velocity (EDV)>5 cm/s, and 498 had EDV≤5 cm/s. 264 patients had abnormal PSV and/or EDV results, and 436 had normal results for both. Patients with vascular ED had significantly lower estrogen levels (t=-3.546, P < 0.001), lower testosterone levels (t=-2.089, P=0.037), and a higher rate of hyperglycemia (χ2=12.772, P=0.002) compared with those with non-vascular ED. The patients with arterial ED were older (t=3.953, P < 0.001), had a higher rate of hyperglycemia (χ2=9.518, P=0.009), and a higher estrogen/testosterone ratio (t=2.330, P=0.020) compared with those with non-arterial ED. The patients with mixed arteriovenous ED had higher age (t=3.567, P < 0.001), lower testosterone levels (t=-2.288, P=0.022), a higher rate of hyperglycemia (χ2=12.877, P=0.002), and a larger estrogen/testosterone ratio (t=2.096, P=0.037) compared with those with normal findings. Multifactorial Logistic regression analysis indicated that higher levels of estrogen were a protective factor for vascular ED (OR=1.009, 95%CI: 1.004-1.014), and glucose≥7.0 mmol/L was a risk factor (OR=0.381, 95%CI: 0.219-0.661). Older age was a risk factor for arterial ED (OR=0.960, 95%CI: 0.938-0.982). Additionally, older age (OR=0.976, 95%CI: 0.958-0.993) and glucose levels of 5.6-6.9 mmol/L (OR=0.591, 95%CI: 0.399-0.876) were also risk factors for mixed arterio-venous ED. Conclusion: Hyperglycemia and aging may impair penile cavernous body vascular function, while higher levels of estrogen may have a protective effect on it.

Key words: Erectile dysfunction, Color duplex Doppler ultrasonography, Intracavernosal injection, Blood vessels, Risk factors

CLC Number: 

  • R698.1

Table 1

Comparison of clinical indicators between ICI-negative and ICI-positive patients"

Items ICI-negative (n=380) ICI-positive (n=320) Statistics P
Age/years 35.04±9.63 33.52±8.52 t=2.213 0.027
Estrogen/(pmol/L) 103.50±27.88 111.91±33.87 t=-3.546 ＜0.001
Prolactin χ2=1.456 0.583
  ＜2 μg/L 2 (0.5) 0
  2-18 μg/L 343 (90.3) 293 (91.6)
  >18 μg/L 35 (9.2) 27 (8.4)
Testosterone/(nmol/L) 11.72±3.70 12.36±4.27 t=-2.089 0.037
Uric acid/(μmol/L) 405.11±86.55 401.80±88.71 t=0.499 0.618
Total cholesterol/(mmol/L) 4.88±1.01 4.79±0.91 t=1.246 0.213
Triglycerides χ2=4.607 0.203
  ＜1.50 mmol/L 230 (60.5) 207 (64.7)
  1.51-1.99 mmol/L 70 (18.4) 40 (12.5)
  2.00-4.99 mmol/L 71 (18.7) 65 (20.3)
  >5.00 mmol/L 9 (2.4) 8 (2.5)
HDL/(mmol/L) 1.14±0.25 1.12±0.24 t=0.889 0.374
LDL/(mmol/L) 3.03±0.83 3.01±0.75 t=0.433 0.665
Glucose χ2=12.772 0.002
  ＜5.6 mmol/L 249 (65.5) 244 (76.3)
  5.6-6.9 mmol/L 80 (21.1) 56 (17.5)
  ≥7.0 mmol/L 51 (13.4) 20 (6.3)
HbA1c χ2=1.080 0.583
  ＜5.6% 11 (28.9) 3 (21.4)
  5.7%-6.4% 6 (15.8) 4 (28.6)
  ≥6.5% 21 (55.3) 7 (50.0)
Estrogen/Testosterone 9.57±3.56 9.86±4.02 t=-1.023 0.307

Table 2

Comparison of various clinical indicators between patients with PSV < 25 cm/s and ≥25 cm/s"

Items PSV＜25 cm/s (n=84) PSV≥25 cm/s (n=616) Statistics P
Age/years 38.01±9.17 33.84±9.06 t=3.953 ＜0.001
Estrogen/(pmol/L) 110.33±31.82 106.94±30.92 t=0.941 0.347
Prolactin χ2=0.244 >0.999
  ＜2 μg/L 0 2 (0.3)
  2-18 μg/L 77 (91.7) 559 (90.7)
  >18 μg/L 7 (8.3) 55 (8.9)
Testosterone/(nmol/L) 11.36±3.70 12.10±4.02 t=-1.610 0.108
Uric acid/(μmol/L) 395.24±80.32 404.74±88.43 t=-0.933 0.351
Total cholesterol/(mmol/L) 5.02±0.98 4.82±0.96 t=1.802 0.072
Triglyceride χ2=2.546 0.467
  ＜1.50 mmol/L 46 (54.8) 391 (63.5)
  1.51-1.99 mmol/L 15 (17.9) 95 (15.4)
  2.00-4.99 mmol/L 20 (23.8) 116 (18.8)
  >5.00 mmol/L 3 (3.6) 14 (2.3)
HDL/(mmol/L) 1.10±0.22 1.13±0.25 t=-1.189 0.235
LDL/(mmol/L) 3.09±0.88 3.01±0.78 t=0.783 0.434
Glucose χ2=9.518 0.009
  ＜5.6 mmol/L 48 (57.1) 445 (72.2)
  5.6-6.9 mmol/L 21 (25.0) 115 (18.7)
  ≥7.0 mmol/L 15 (17.9) 56 (9.1)
HbA1c χ2=2.218 0.330
  ＜5.6% 1 (11.1) 13 (30.2)
  5.7%-6.4% 3 (33.3) 7 (16.3)
  ≥6.5% 5 (55.6) 23 (53.5)
Estrogen/Testosterone 10.60±4.22 9.58±3.70 t=2.330 0.020

Table 3

Comparison of various clinical indicators between patients with EDV≤5 cm/s and >5 cm/s"

Items EDV≤5 cm/s (n=498) EDV>5 cm/s (n=202) Statistics P
Age/years 33.92±8.96 35.38±9.60 t=-1.913 0.056
Estrogen/(pmol/L) 107.80±31.74 106.22±29.25 t=0.613 0.540
Prolactin χ2=1.287 0.505
  ＜2 μg/L 1 (0.2) 1 (0.5)
  2-18 μg/L 455 (91.4) 181 (89.6)
  >18 μg/L 42 (8.4) 20 (9.9)
Testosterone/(nmol/L) 12.15±4.06 11.68±3.78 t=1.395 0.164
Uric acid/(μmol/L) 402.30±89.47 406.79±82.57 t=-0.635 0.526
Total cholesterol/(mmol/L) 4.80±0.97 4.92±0.96 t=-1.531 0.126
Triglyceride χ2=4.516 0.211
  ＜1.50 mmol/L 322 (64.7) 115 (56.9)
  1.51-1.99 mmol/L 72 (14.5) 38 (18.8)
  2.00-4.99 mmol/L 94 (18.9) 42 (20.8)
  >5.00 mmol/L 10 (2.0) 7 (3.5)
HDL/(mmol/L) 1.13±0.25 1.13±0.24 t=-0.307 0.759
LDL/(mmol/L) 3.01±0.79 3.05±0.82 t=-0.618 0.537
Glucose χ2=5.785 0.055
  ＜5.6 mmol/L 363 (72.9) 130 (64.4)
  5.6-6.9 mmol/L 86 (17.3) 50 (24.8)
  ≥7.0 mmol/L 49 (9.8) 22 (10.9)
HbA1c χ2=2.608 0.271
  ＜5.6% 8 (23.5) 6 (33.3)
  5.7%-6.4% 5 (14.7) 5 (27.8)
  ≥6.5% 21 (61.8) 7 (38.9)
Estrogen/Testosterone 9.60±3.68 9.94±4.01 t=-1.066 0.287

Table 4

Comparison of clinical indicators between patients with abnormal PSV and/or EDV results and those with normal results"

Items Abnormal PSV and/or EDV (n=264) Normal PSV and EDV(n=436) Statistics P
Age/years 35.95±9.57 33.37±8.78 t=3.567 ＜0.001
Estrogen/(pmol/L) 106.73±30.09 107.72±31.61 t=-0.408 0.683
Prolactin χ2=0.477 0.949
  ＜2 μg/L 1 (0.4) 1 (0.2)
  2-18 μg/L 239 (90.5) 397 (91.1)
  >18 μg/L 24 (9.1) 38 (8.7)
Testosterone/(nmol/L) 11.57±3.77 12.28±4.09 t=-2.288 0.022
Uric acid/(μmol/L) 402.29±82.28 404.39±90.60 t=-0.315 0.753
Total cholesterol/(mmol/L) 4.92±0.95 4.79±0.97 t=1.729 0.084
Triglyceride χ2=4.847 0.185
  ＜1.50 mmol/L 152 (57.6) 285 (65.4)
  1.51-1.99 mmol/L 49 (18.6) 61 (14.0)
  2.00-4.99 mmol/L 55 (20.8) 81 (18.6)
  >5.00 mmol/L 8 (3.0) 9 (2.1)
HDL/(mmol/L) 1.13±0.23 1.13±0.25 t=-0.202 0.840
LDL/(mmol/L) 3.05±0.83 3.01±0.77 t=0.730 0.466
Glucose χ2=12.877 0.002
  ＜5.6 mmol/L 165 (62.5) 328 (75.2)
  5.6-6.9 mmol/L 66 (25.0) 70 (16.1)
  ≥7.0 mmol/L 33 (12.5) 38 (8.7)
HbA1c χ2=6.096 0.058
  ＜5.6% 7 (28.0) 7 (25.9)
  5.7%-6.4% 8 (32.0) 2 (7.4)
  ≥6.5% 10 (40.0) 18 (66.7)
Estrogen/Testosterone 10.10±4.10 9.46±3.55 t=2.096 0.037

Table 5

Multivariate Logistic analysis of ICI results"

Variable Group description B SE Wald df P OR 95%CI
Estrogen 0.009 0.003 13.170 1 ＜0.001 1.009 1.004-1.014
Glucose ＜5.6 mmol/L(Reference group) 12.928 2 0.002
5.6-6.9 mmol/L -0.311 0.198 2.467 1 0.116 0.732 0.497-1.080
≥7.0 mmol/L -0.996 0.282 11.764 1 ＜0.001 0.381 0.219-0.661

Table 6

Multivariate Logistic analysis of PSV results"

Variable B SE Wald df P OR 95%CI
Age -0.041 0.011 12.851 1 ＜0.001 0.960 0.938-0.982
Estrogen/Testosterone -0.053 0.029 3.443 1 0.064 0.948 0.897-1.003

Table 7

Multivariate Logistic analysis of PSV and/or EDV results"

Variable Group description B SE Wald df P OR 95%CI
Age -0.025 0.009 7.146 1 0.008 0.976 0.958-0.993
Glucose ＜5.6 mmol/L(Reference group) 7.020 2 0.030
5.6-6.9 mmol/L -0.525 0.201 6.851 1 0.009 0.591 0.399-0.876
≥7.0 mmol/L -0.278 0.277 1.005 1 0.316 0.758 0.440-1.304
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