Table 1

Clinical information of the patients undergoing ADT treatment"

Figure 1

Trends of serum PSA and androgen changes in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT treatment The dynamic changes of serum PSA (A), serum free testosterone (B), and serum testosterone (C) in 12 patients undergoing ADT treatment over a one-year period. PSA, prostate specific antigen; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy."

Figure 2

Dynamic changes of peripheral blood immune cells and immune-related factors in prostate cancer patients undergoing ADT treatment Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes in the proportion of peripheral blood immune cells in patients before and after ADT treatment (A), and antibody arrays were used to detect the changes in immune-related factors (B). IL, interleukin; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; PDGF, platelet derived growth factor; BLC, B lymphocyte chemoattractant; RANTES, regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted; MIP, major intrinsic protein of lens fiber; MCP, membrane cofactor protein; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases; MCSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, ICAM, intercellular adhesion molecule; MIG, monokine induced by interferon-γ."

Figure 3

Transcriptomic analysis of the effects of castration on gene expression and tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer PDX tissues RNAseq data from five prostate cancer PDX models of GEO (GSE41193) were analyzed before and after surgical castration. Differential genes were displayed, with A being a volcano plot, B being a MA plot, C being a Top200 differential gene heatmap, and D being a GO analysis. ssGSEA was applied to analyze the expression ratios of various immune cells before and after surgical castration, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for inter-group difference comparison, with *P < 0.05, * *P < 0.01, * * *P < 0.001 (E). GSVA was also applied to perform enrichment analysis on immune-related pathways, with NES >1 and FDR < 0.05 as the significant criteria for pathway enrichment (F). FC, fold change; PDX, patient-derived tumor xenograft; GEO, gene expression omnibus; MA, mean-difference; GO, gene expression omnibus; ssGSEA, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis; GSVA, gene set variation analysis; NES, normalized enrichment score; FDR, false discovery rate."

Figure 4

Initial cell clustering of scRNAseq data from four prostate cancer tissues (two cases received ADT treatment) Using marker genes, single cells were initially grouped into three major populations: immune cells, stromal cells, and epithelial cells, which were then visualized using tSNE (A) and UMAP (B). Subsequently, subpopulation analysis was performed on these three major populations, resulting in the identification of eight subpopulations (C). The distribution of each subpopulation in each case was statistically presented (D). tSNE, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding; UMAP, uniform manifold approximation and projection."

Figure 5

Annotation of T-cell subpopulations in prostate cancer Through clustering analysis of T cells, a total of 14 T cell subpopulations were obtained (A). T cell subpopulation markers were used to annotate the subpopulations (B, C), with a focus on the expression of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells in different groups (D)."

Figure 6

Effect of ADT treatment on T cell function After ADT treatment, the expression of genes related to T cells and cytotoxicity was downregulated (A). Specifically, the expression of NKG7, GZMB, and GZMA in CD8+T cells was significantly downregulated, and the expression of genes related to T regulatory cell function, such as CCL4, LGALS3, and LAG3, also showed a downward trend. GSVA enrichment analysis was performed on the differential genes of CD4+T cells and CD8+T cells in the Hallmark 50 gene pathways. ADT treatment led to the downregulation of the interferon pathway (C). ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; FC, fold change; GSVA, gene set variation analysis."