巨细胞病毒核酸和抗体检测在不同特征患者中的一致性分析及临床指导意义
Consistency analysis and clinical guiding significance of cytomegalovirus nucleic acid and antibody detections in patients with different clinical characteristics
责任编辑: 赵 波
收稿日期: 2020-04-6 网络出版日期: 2021-11-15
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Received: 2020-04-6 Online: 2021-11-15
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目的: 探讨巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus,CMV)脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribo nucleic acid,DNA)检测和免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)抗体检测在不同特征患者中的一致性及对临床工作的指导价值。方法: 2014年12月至2019年11月期间,北京大学国际医院检验科同时进行CMV-IgM抗体和CMV-DNA检测的患者共计507例,收集患者性别、年龄一般资料,同时收集患者的诊断、用药及转归等临床资料。根据患者CMV-DNA阴性或阳性、CMV-IgM抗体阴性或阳性,以及年龄、性别和是否接受免疫抑制治疗进行分组和分层,组别之间率的比较采用Pearson卡方检验或Fisher精确经验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果: 507例送检患者中,CMV-DNA阳性患者55例(10.85%),CMV-IgM抗体阳性患者74例(14.60%),CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体同时阳性患者20例(3.94%)。55例CMV-DNA阳性患者中,男性37例(67.27%),60岁以上者25例(45.45%),接受免疫抑制治疗者33例(60%),均高于CMV-DNA阴性组的47.35%(P=0.005)、31.86%(P=0.043)和46.02%(P=0.050)。CMV-DNA和IgM抗体双阳性患者中45%接受免疫抑制治疗,低于CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者(68.57%,P=0.086),也低于CMV-DNA阴性但IgM抗体阳性患者(68.52%,P=0.064)。CMV-DNA和IgM抗体双阳性患者接受更昔洛韦治疗后91.67%出现好转,而CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者的好转率仅为60%(P=0.067)。结论: CMV-IgM抗体检测受到年龄、性别、免疫状态等影响,不推荐对存在免疫抑制状态和年龄大于60岁的患者单独采用CMV-IgM抗体检测判断CMV感染;CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体联合检测可能有助于预判患者的免疫状态和抗病毒治疗的结局转归。
关键词:
Objective: To investigate the consistency of cytomegalovirus deoxyribo nucleic acid (CMV-DNA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody detections in patients with different clinical characteristics and their guiding value for clinical practice. Methods: From December 2014 to November 2019, a total of 507 patients who were detected with both CMV-IgM and CMV-DNA were collected in Peking University International Hospital. Their general information, such as gender, age and clinical data, including the patient’s diagnosis, medication, and outcome were also collected. The groups were stratified according to whether CMV-DNA was negative or positive, CMV-IgM was negative or positive, age, gender, and whether they received immunosuppressive therapy or not. The Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of the rates between the groups. P<0.05 means the difference is statisti-cally significant. Results: Of the 507 patients submitted for examination, 55 (10.85%) were positive for CMV-DNA, 74 (14.60%) were positive for CMV-IgM, and 20 (3.94%) were positive for both CMV-DNA and CMV-IgM. Of the 55 patients with CMV-DNA positive, 37 were male, accounting for 67.27%. In addition, 25 patients were older than 60 years, accounting for 45.45% and 33 patients received immunosuppressive therapy, accounting for 60%. The rates were higher than that of CMV-DNA negative group, 47.35% (P=0.005), 68.14% (P=0.043), 46.02% (P=0.050), respectively. Of the patients with both CMV-DNA and IgM positive, 45% received immunosuppressive threapy, which was lower than that of CMV-DNA positive but IgM negative patients (68.57%, P=0.086), and also lower than CMV-DNA negative but IgM positive patients (68.52%, P=0.064). In the patients with both CMV-DNA and IgM positive, 91.67% showed remission after receiving ganciclovir, whereas in the patients with CMV-DNA positive but IgM negative, the rate was only 60% (P=0.067). Conclusion: CMV-IgM antibody detection is affected by age, gender, and immune status. It is not recommended to use CMV-IgM alone to determine CMV infection in patients with immunosuppressive status and those older than 60 years. CMV-DNA and CMV-IgM combined detection may help to predict patients’ immune status and outcomes of antiviral therapy.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
戴菊华, 孙新平, 张捷, 石连杰.
DAI Ju-hua, SUN Xin-ping, ZHANG Jie, SHI Lian-jie.
临床上最常见的诊断CMV感染的实验室手段是CMV特异性免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)抗体和CMV脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribo nucleic acid,DNA)检测。然而,在临床实践中,存在免疫抑制的人群受其免疫状态的影响,常常出现两种方法检测结果不一致的情况,比如在接受免疫抑制治疗的患者中,常存在持续的CMV-IgM抗体阳性,但缺乏CMV感染的临床症状且CMV-DNA检测亦为阴性的情况,给临床医师的治疗决策带来困扰。那么在存在免疫抑制的患者中这两种方法检测的一致性如何?如何判读并指导临床医师的治疗决策?性别和年龄是否会对两种检测结果产生影响?本研究将通过分析同时送检CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体患者的病例资料,明确在免疫抑制人群,以及不同年龄、性别患者中两种检测方法的一致性和不同检测结果对临床诊疗工作的指导价值。
1 资料与方法
1.1 研究对象
对2014年12月至2019年11月于北京大学国际医院同时送检CMV-IgM抗体和CMV-DNA的507例患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,病例主要来自肾内科、呼吸科、风湿免疫科、消化内科等科室。收集的病例资料包括患者的性别、年龄、就诊科室、临床诊断、临床表现、免疫抑制状态、实验室指标(CMV-IgM、CMV-DNA)、抗病毒治疗及预后情况,其中接受免疫抑制治疗(应用糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、生物制剂治疗或因恶性肿瘤接受放化疗)被界定为存在免疫抑制状态。根据患者CMV-DNA阴性或阳性、CMV-IgM抗体阴性或阳性,以及年龄、性别和是否接受免疫抑制治疗进行分组和分层。本研究将CMV-DNA阳性作为诊断患者CMV感染的金标准。
1.2 CMV-IgM抗体的检测方法
使用罗氏Cobas e601全自动电化学发光免疫自动分析仪定量检测CMV-IgM抗体,样本血清、定标品、室内质控品的检测均按照操作规程进行,仪器根据定标液的测定值自动计算临界值(cutoff),每一个样本的结果以临界值指数(cutoff index,COI,即样本信号与临界值的比值)表示。所测结果均由仪器自动完成,样本结果≥1.00为阳性,<0.70为阴性,0.70~0.99为灰区,灰区结果样本必须重复检测,如果结果仍在灰区,建议2~3周内重新抽血复查。
1.3 CMV-DNA的检测方法
采用湖南圣湘生物科技有限公司CMV病毒核酸定量检测试剂盒[聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)-荧光探针法],全血标本和阴性、阳性质控品的DNA抽提严格按照试剂说明书进行,PCR扩增仪为凯杰Rotor Gene-Q实时定量荧光分析仪。扩增反应条件为50 ℃ UNG酶反应2 min;94 ℃ Taq酶活化5 min;94 ℃变性15 s,57 ℃退火、延伸及荧光采集30 s,扩增45个循环;25 ℃仪器冷却10 s。样本增长曲线呈S型且循环值<40,测定值≥400拷贝数/mL时为CMV-DNA阳性。
1.4 统计学分析
应用SPSS 20.0统计软件对数据进行统计学分析。计数资料以百分率(%)表示,组间率的比较采用Pearson卡方检验,对于不满足Pearson卡方检验的数据进行Fisher精确检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 CMV-IgM抗体和CMV-DNA检测结果比较
本组507例送检患者中男性251例,女性256例,其中CMV-DNA阳性55例(10.85%),CMV-IgM抗体阳性74例(14.60%),CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体双阳性20例(3.94%)。比较血清学检测和PCR检测结果,二者缺乏一致性(χ2=23.451,P<0.01,表1)。
表1 CMV-IgM抗体和CMV-DNA检测结果比较
Table 1
| Items | CMV-DNA (+) | CMV-DNA (-) | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| CMV-IgM (+) | 20 | 54 | 74 |
| CMV-IgM (-) | 35 | 398 | 433 |
| Total | 55 | 452 | 507 |
CMV, cytomegalovirus.
2.2 CMV感染患者的临床特征
将507例送检者分为CMV-DNA阳性和阴性组,并根据送检者的性别、年龄以及是否接受免疫抑制剂治疗进行分层,对比两组性别、年龄和免疫抑制状态是否存在差异。结果表明,所有CMV-DNA阳性的55例患者中,男性、年龄≥60岁和接受免疫抑制剂治疗的患者比例均高于CMV-DNA阴性组(67.27% vs. 47.35%,P=0.005; 45.45% vs. 31.86%,P=0.043;60.00% vs. 46.02%,P=0.050;表2)。
表2 507例送检患者中存在CMV感染的患者特征分析
Table 2
| Items | CMV-DNA (+), n (%) | CMV-DNA (-), n (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.005 | ||
| Male | 37 (67.27) | 214 (47.35) | |
| Female | 18 (32.73) | 238 (52.65) | |
| Age | 0.043 | ||
| <60 years | 30 (54.55) | 308 (68.14) | |
| ≥60 years | 25 (45.45) | 144 (31.86) | |
| Immunosuppressant | 0.050 | ||
| Yes | 33 (60.00) | 208 (46.02) | |
| No | 22 (40.00) | 244 (53.98) |
CMV, cytomegalovirus.
2.3 CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体检测在不同患者中的一致性比较
为进一步探讨导致CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体存在不一致的影响因素,我们先将CMV-DNA阳性的55例患者根据CMV-IgM抗体阳性与否分组,分析CMV-DNA阳性患者中CMV-IgM抗体假阴性与性别、年龄以及免疫抑制状态的关系,再将CMV-IgM抗体阳性的74例患者根据CMV-DNA阳性与否分组,分析CMV-IgM抗体假阳性与性别、年龄以及免疫抑制状态的关系。结果表明,CMV-DNA和IgM抗体双阳性患者中45%存在免疫抑制,低于CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者(68.57%,P=0.086),也低于CMV-DNA阴性但IgM抗体阳性患者(68.52%,P=0.064,表3),但差异均无统计学意义。此外,本研究中持续CMV-IgM抗体阳性但DNA阴性的19例患者中9例(47.4%)为系统性红斑狼疮患者。
表3 CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM检测在不同患者中的一致性比较
Table 3
| Items | CMV-DNA (+), n (%) | CMV-IgM (+), n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CMV-IgM (+) | CMV-IgM (-) | P | CMV-DNA (+) | CMV-DNA (-) | P | ||
| Gender | 0.356 | 0.054 | |||||
| Male | 15 (75.00) | 22 (62.86) | 15 (75.00) | 27 (50.00) | |||
| Female | 5 (25.00) | 13 (37.14) | 5 (25.00) | 27 (50.00) | |||
| Age | 0.799 | 0.153 | |||||
| <60 years | 11 (55.00) | 18 (51.43) | 11 (55.00) | 40 (74.07) | |||
| ≥60 years | 9 (45.00) | 17 (48.57) | 9 (45.00) | 14 (25.93) | |||
| Immunosuppressant | 0.086 | 0.064 | |||||
| Yes | 9 (45.00) | 24 (68.57) | 9 (45.00) | 37 (68.52) | |||
| No | 11 (55.00) | 11 (31.43) | 11 (55.00) | 17 (31.48) | |||
CMV, cytomegalovirus.
2.4 不同特征CMV感染患者对抗CMV治疗的反应
为了进一步明确不同特征CMV感染患者对抗病毒药物治疗的反应,首先,本研究将CMV-DNA阳性患者分为存在或不存在免疫抑制状态两组进行分析,结果发现,两组在接受更昔洛韦治疗后好转率分别为65.52%和76.92%(P=0.705);其次,本研究将CMV-DNA阳性患者按CMV-IgM阳性与否分组,结果发现,在接受更昔洛韦治疗后,CMV-DNA和IgM抗体双阳性患者感染症状好转率为91.67%,高于CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者(60%,P=0.067,表4)。对于持续CMV-IgM抗体阳性而CMV-DNA阴性的患者,临床上没有对其进行积极的抗病毒治疗,也未见出现感染症状。
表4 不同特征的CMV感染患者对抗CMV治疗药物(更昔洛韦)的反应
Table 4
| Response | CMV-DNA (+), n (%) | CMV-DNA (+), n (%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| With immunosuppressant | Without immunosuppressant | P | CMV-IgM (+) | CMV-IgM (-) | P | ||
| Remission | 19 (65.52) | 10 (76.92) | 0.719 | 11 (91.67) | 18 (60.00) | 0.067 | |
| Poor | 10 (34.48) | 3 (23.08) | 1 (8.33) | 12 (40.00) | |||
CMV, cytomegalovirus.
3 讨论
对CMV感染的诊断,选择适当的诊断性检验必不可少,区分活动性与潜伏性感染会给诊断带来额外的挑战。目前,临床上CMV感染的诊断性试验[2,3]有CMV核酸检测、血清抗体检测、pp65抗原检测、病毒培养和病理学活组织检查,这些试验方法各有优缺点,必须结合临床表现和其他诊断性检查对其结果进行解读。临床上诊断CMV感染时使用最多的检测指标是CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM,血清学检测CMV抗体可被异嗜性抗体、自身抗体、类风湿因子等干扰而存在假阳性,与CMV-DNA结果的一致性较差,而PCR方法受限于标本采集、病毒灭活等,也可能出现假阴性。因此,有研究认为联合应用CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM检测可提高CMV感染检测的阳性率,减少漏诊率[4,5]。
本研究纳入的患者均为同时行CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM检测的住院患者,考虑到患者免疫状态可能导致CMV-IgM抗体产生受到影响,且CMV-DNA阳性更能作为CMV感染的直接证据,因此,本研究将CMV-DNA阳性作为诊断患者CMV感染的金标准。与既往研究不同的是,本研究中CMV-DNA阳性率要低于CMV-IgM的阳性率,这可能与患者免疫状态的异常有关。一项日本的相关研究显示,日本2 400位献血者中CMV的血清抗体阳性率为76.6%,但其CMV-DNA阳性比例仅为1.7%[6]。目前,国内外关于CMV感染的研究多集中在产妇和新生儿,尽管临床常用CMV-IgM检测来筛查CMV感染,但有研究认为在孕早期CMV-IgM检测不适用于诊断先天性CMV感染[7]。
CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体双阳性患者对抗病毒治疗的反应更好,这一方面提示患者的体液免疫状态尚好,可以产生相应的IgM抗体,另一方面提示给予积极治疗可以获得理想的治疗效果,因为患者的体液免疫还可以对其做出应答。本组后续的分析也证实了这一点,接受更昔洛韦治疗后,91.67%的双阳性患者都出现病情好转,而在CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性患者中这一比例下降至60%。因此,临床上应该对CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM双阳性患者进行积极治疗,而对于CMV-DNA阳性但IgM抗体阴性的患者更应该给予重视。
对于CMV-DNA阳性患者,无论是否接受了免疫抑制剂治疗,其对更昔洛韦治疗的好转率差异并无统计学意义,推测可能因为患者接受免疫抑制剂治疗的强度和时间不同,患者免疫抑制程度不同,所以即使接受免疫抑制剂治疗,并不一定存在免疫状态异常。相比之下,间接地以CMV-IgM抗体反映CMV感染患者的免疫状态并判断患者的治疗反应可能更具价值。
作为一项回顾性研究,本研究存在一定的局限性,一方面是将CMV-DNA阳性界定为CMV感染,可能会导致部分CMV感染但CMV-DNA呈假阴性的患者遗漏;另一方面,本研究以是否进行免疫抑制治疗作为免疫抑制状态存在与否的划分标准,这并不能真实反映患者的免疫状态,但目前临床上并未见更好地区分患者有无免疫抑制状态的方法。
综上,CMV-IgM抗体检测受年龄、性别、免疫抑制状态等因素影响,不推荐对存在免疫抑制状态和年龄大于60岁的患者单独采用CMV-IgM抗体检测来判断CMV感染。CMV-DNA和CMV-IgM抗体联合检测可能有助于预判患者的免疫状态和抗病毒治疗的结局转归。
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