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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2026, Vol. 58 ›› Issue (1): 126-132. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2026.01.016

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A multi-view stereo vision methodology for digital soft-tissue impressions in fixed implant rehabilitation of edentulous patients

Yongtao YANG1,2, Yuwen TIAN2, Shenyao SHAN2, Wenbo LI2, Xiangyi SHANG2, Yizhen WANG2, Shuwei GUO1, Zixiang GAO1, Aonan WEN1, Yijiao ZHAO1,2,*(), Yong WANG1,2,*()   

  1. 1. Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology & NHC Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
    2. Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
  • Received:2025-10-13 Online:2026-02-18 Published:2025-12-10
  • Contact: Yijiao ZHAO, Yong WANG
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82271039); the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC2405401); the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L232100); the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L242132)

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Abstract:

Objective: To explore the methodology and feasibility of reconstructing soft tissue morphology for fixed implant rehabilitation in edentulous patients using multi-view stereo vision technology, and to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the method's in vitro accuracy. Methods: A pair of edentulous resin models were designed and printed, with 6 implant analogs placed in the maxilla and 4 in the mandible. The experimental group (n=10) utilized a self-developed photogrammetric quad-camera system and the automated reconstruction software RealityScan 2.0.1. Self-developed scan bodies were attached to the analogs, and the handheld camera system was used to capture images of the models in vitro. The images were imported into the software to reconstruct the 3D models, and the data were exported as ".stl" files. The control group (n=10) used an intraoral scanner. Scan caps were attached to the analogs, and the models were scanned to generate ".stl" data. Reference data were obtained by scanning the maxillary and mandibular resin models once each with a desktop scanner (EX-PRO). All data were imported into Geomagic Wrap 2021. The root mean square (RMS) was calculated by comparing the 3D morphology of the experimental and control group data against the reference data to represent the magnitude of the 3D morphological deviation and evaluate accuracy. The evaluation was conducted in 4 specific regions: the alveolar ridge, peri-implant soft tissue, buccal, and lingual areas. Results: In the maxilla, the RMS of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group in the alveolar ridge [(124.89±21.30) μm vs. (53.90±8.93) μm, P < 0.001], peri-implant soft tissue [(157.74±19.13) μm vs. (67.03±3.94) μm, P < 0.001], and lingual areas [(146.01±33.87) μm vs. (46.20±11.19) μm, P < 0.001]. The RMS in the buccal area was lower for the experimental group than the control group [(50.56±8.34) μm vs. (53.83±12.66) μm], but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.571). In the mandible, the RMS of the experimental group was significantly higher than the control group in the alveolar ridge [(254.04±88.42) μm vs. (58.28±38.96) μm, P < 0.001], peri-implant soft tissue [(165.18±21.30) μm vs. (70.48±28.20) μm, P < 0.001], and lingual areas [(421.75±59.51) μm vs. (54.59±36.77) μm, P < 0.001]. When comparing the buccal and lingual sides, the lingual RMS was significantly higher than the buccal RMS for the experimental group in both the maxilla (P < 0.001) and mandible (P < 0.001). For the control group, the maxillary lingual RMS was significantly lower than the buccal RMS (P < 0.05), while the mandibular lingual RMS was higher than the buccal, but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.378). Conclusion: The self-developed quad-camera system, combined with multi-view stereo vision reconstruction software, can successfully record the 3D morphology of soft tissue. This study provides a research foundation for the development of extraoral photogrammetric devices capable of simultaneously determining the spatial positions of multiple implant units and acquiring soft tissue morphology.

Key words: Multi-view stereo, Jaw, edentulous, Digital impression, Dental implantation

CLC Number: 

  • R783.6

Figure 1

Edentulous maxillary implant model"

Figure 2

Edentulous mandibular implant model"

Figure 3

Handheld scanning procedure with the self-developed camera system"

Figure 4

The boundary scope of the respective regions of the maxilla"

Figure 5

The boundary scope of the respective regions of the mandible"

Figure 6

Color map of maxillary 3D morphological deviation analysis A, alveolar ridge; B, peri-implant soft tissue; C, buccal area; D, lingual area."

Figure 7

Color map of mandibular 3D morphological deviation analysis A, alveolar ridge; B, peri-implant soft tissue; C, buccal area; D, lingual area."

Table 1

Comparison of morphological trueness between experimental group and control group in the maxillary and mandibular"

Items Alveolar ridge Peri-implant soft tissue Buccal area Lingual area
Maxillary
  Experimental group/μm, ${\bar x}$±s 124.89±21.30 157.74±19.13 50.56±8.34 146.01±33.87
  Control group/μm, ${\bar x}$±s 53.90±8.93 67.03±3.94 53.83±12.66 46.20±11.19
  t 9.949 15.643 -0.587 8.984
  P < 0.001 < 0.001 0.571 < 0.001
Mandibular
  Experimental group/μm, ${\bar x}$±s 254.04±88.42 165.18±21.30 57.32±8.26 421.75±59.51
  Control group/μm, ${\bar x}$±s 58.28±38.96 70.48±28.20 49.71±49.21 54.59±36.77
  t 7.031 11.170 0.448 17.466
  P < 0.001 < 0.001 0.665 < 0.001

Table 2

Comparison of morphological trueness between the buccal and lingual areas"

Items Experimental group in mandibular Control group in mandibular Experimental group in maxillary Control group in maxillary
Buccal area/μm, ${\bar x}$±s 50.56±8.34 53.83±12.66 57.32±8.26 49.71±49.21
Lingual area/μm, ${\bar x}$±s 146.01±33.87 46.20±11.19 421.75±59.51 54.59±36.77
t -9.476 2.876 -18.262 -0.928
P < 0.001 < 0.05 < 0.001 0.378
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