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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2023, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (4): 721-728. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2023.04.025

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Effects of surface treatment on the phase and fracture strength of yttria- and magnesia-stabilized zirconia implants

Qian DING1,Wen-jin LI1,Feng-bo SUN2,Jing-hua GU3,Yuan-hua LIN2,Lei ZHANG1,*()   

  1. 1. Department of Proshodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
    2. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
    3. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
  • Received:2020-10-12 Online:2023-08-18 Published:2023-08-03
  • Contact: Lei ZHANG E-mail:drzhanglei@yeah.net
  • Supported by:
    the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81671026);the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7192233);the Capital Health Development Research Special Fund(首发2020-2-4104);the PKU School of Stomatology for Talented Young Investigators(PKUSS20190110)

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Abstract:

Objective: To evaluate the effects of surface treatment on the phase and fracture strength of yttria-and magnesia-stabilized and its mechanisms. Methods: One-piece cylindrical screw-type implants were fabricated with yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) and magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) using computer aided design (CAD)/computer aided manufacture (CAM) technique.They were divided into three groups: (1) placed in water for 1 h after final sintering (control group), (2) sandblasting using 110 μm Al2O3 particles, (3) sandblasting plus etching with hydrofluoric acid for 1 h.The surface morphology and roughness of the implants were evaluated.Tetragonal to monoclinic transformation was measured on the surface by X-ray diffraction.Static tests of the zirconia implants were carried out at room temperature following the International Standards Organization (ISO)14801:2014 Standard. Results: Both sandblasting alone and sandblasting plus acid etching significantly increased surface roughness (Ra) of Mg-PSZ and Y-TZP implants (P < 0.01), with sandblasting plus acid etching exhibited the highest surface roughness.No monoclinic band was detected in Mg-PSZ surface.Compared with the control group, the surface monoclinic content of Mg-PSZ had no obvious change after surface treatments.However, strong monoclinic bands appeared in surface modified Y-TZP.Monoclinic content of Y-TZP was higher than that of control group (1.55%) after both sandblasting alone (16.44%) and sandblasting plus acid etching (7.68%).For Mg-PSZ implants, fracture strengths of sandblasting group and sandblasting plus acid etching group were (294.1±3.3) N and (331.3±26.4) N respectively, which were lower than that of control group (458.4±48.7) N with significant differences (P < 0.01).For Y-TZP implants, fracture strength of control group was (827.3±101.6) N.Compared with control group, sandblasting group showed significantly higher fracture strength (P=0.03), which was (1 162.9±116.5) N.While sandblasting plus acid etching group had a fracture strength of (867.2±171.0) N, with no significant difference with control group (P>0.99). Conclusion: Sandblasting improved the fracture strength of Y-TZP implants.For the Mg-PSZ implants manufactured in this study, surface treatments with sandblasting and sandblasting plus acid etching resulted in a decrease of fracture strength.

Key words: Dental implants, Zirconia, Hydrofluoric acid, Surface properties, Scanning electron microscopy

CLC Number: 

  • R783.1

Figure 1

Final sintering curve of Mg-PSZ Mg-PSZ, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia; RT, room temperature."

Figure 2

One-piece Mg-PSZ (left) and Y-TZP (right) implants fabricated by CAD/CAM CAD, computer aided design; CAM computer aided manufacture; Mg-PSZ, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia; Y-TZP, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal."

Figure 3

Schematic (left) and image (right) of the testing machine and test set-up for static test 1, loading device; 2, nominal bone level; 3, implant; 4, specimen holder; 5, hemispherical loading member. F, the loading force; Point C, the loading center, being the intersection of the loading axis (line from point A to point B) with the axis of the implant (line from point D to point E), is well-defined. b, the moment arm."

Figure 4

Scanning electron microscopic(SEM) images showing the surface topographies of Y-TZP and Mg-PSZ zirconia implants Mg-PSZ, magnesia partially stabilized zirconia; Y-TZP, yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal; CTRL, control group; SB, sandblasting; SB-HF, sandblasting and acid etching."

Table 1

Surface roughness of CAD/CAM zirconia implants (n=3)"

Surface treatment Ra/μm, $\bar x \pm s$ Rq/μm, $\bar x \pm s$ Rz/μm, $\bar x \pm s$
Y-TZP
  Control 0.67±0.03a 0.86±0.04 6.81±0.42
  Sandblasting 1.32±0.09b 1.62±0.10 10.82±0.48
  Sandblasting and acid etching 1.68±0.17c 2.06±0.20 12.93±1.15
Mg-PSZ
  Control 0.64±0.04a 0.84±0.06 6.44±0.95
  Sandblasting 1.19±0.12b 1.46±0.15 8.56±1.18
  Sandblasting and acid etching 1.59±0.19c 2.00±0.27 13.53±4.01

Figure 5

X-ray diffraction spectra showing monoclinic phase (m) and tetragonal phase (t) peak m-ZrO2, monoclinal zirconia; t-ZrO2, tetrgonal zirconia; cps, counts per second; Other abbreviations as in Figure 4."

Figure 6

Scanning electron microscopic(SEM) photographs of the cross sections of Y-TZP and Mg-PSZ specimens (white line showed the boundary of different grain topographies) Abbreviations as in Figure 4."

Table 2

The fracture strength of the CAD/CAM zirconia implants groups (n=3)"

Surface treatment Fracture strength/N, $\bar x \pm s$ F P
Y-TZP 8.56 0.017
  Control 827.3±101.6a
  Sandblasting 1 162.9±116.5b
  Sandblasting and acid etching 867.2±171.0a
Mg-PSZ 21.68 0.002
  Control 458.4±48.7c
  Sandblasting 294.1±3.3d
  Sandblasting and acid etching 331.3±26.4d
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