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Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences) ›› 2024, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (2): 239-246. doi: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.02.006

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Investigation on the current situation and influencing factors of sitting time and health literacy among high school students in China

Hejun SHEN1,Chongyan SHI1,Qing ZHENG2,Yu HUANG3,Tao JING4,*()   

  1. 1. School of Physical Education and Humanities, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China
    2. Physical Education Teaching and Research Group, Hanjiang Middle School of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
    3. Physical Education Teaching and Research Group, Liyang Middle School of Jiangsu Province, Liyang 213300, Jiangsu, China
    4. Department of Rehabilitation Therapy, School of Exercise and Health, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China
  • Received:2022-04-07 Online:2024-04-18 Published:2024-04-10
  • Contact: Tao JING E-mail:3361154781@qq.com
  • Supported by:
    the 2019 Pedagogy Project of the 13th Five Year Plan of NSFC(BLA190212)

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Abstract:

Objective: To investigate the current situation of sitting time and health literacy among high school students in China, in order to provide a basis for improving their physical and mental health levels. Methods: A stratified random cluster sampling method was used to investigate the length of sitting time and health literacy of first and second grade high school students from 31 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions in China(data did not include that of Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Region, and Taiwan Province of China). The Kruskal-Wallis H method, independent sample Mann-Whitney U test, and regression model were used to analyze the influencing factors of sitting time and total health literacy score. Results: (1) The total score of health literacy was statistically significant (P < 0.01) in different regions, urban and rural distribution, annual family income, parents' educational background, age, and gender. (2) The length of sitting was statistically significant (P < 0.01) among multiple groups in different regions, family annual income, parental education, and gender. However, there was no statistically significant difference between groups of different ages and urban-rural distribution (P>0.05). (3) The analysis of multiple linear regression model showed that the total score of health literacy was positively correlated with the family' s annual income and the mother' s education, and negatively correlated with the father' s education and the length of sitting. Standardized regression coefficient β comparison: Father' s education (-0.32) > family annual income (0.15) > mother' s education (0.09) > average daily sitting time (-0.02), with father' s education having the greatest impact, followed by family annual income. The length of sitting was positively related to the family' s annual income and the mother' s educational background, and negatively related to the total score of health literacy. Standardized regression coefficient β comparison: Annual family income (0.14) > education background of mother (0.13)> total score of health literacy (-0.02), with the impact of annual family income the largest, followed by education background of mother. Conclusion: China' s first and second grade high school students generally spend a long time sitting every day, and the level of health literacy is generally low. The level of health literacy and sitting time are negatively correlated with each other, and are most influenced by the educational background of high school students' parents and their family economic levels.

Key words: Adolescent, Sitting time, Health literacy, Root cause analysis

CLC Number: 

  • R179

Table 1

Analysis of age, gender, and urban rural composition ratios of high school students in seven regions of China"

Population situation East China(n=2 146) South China(n=777) North China(n=1 263) Central China(n=935) Northwest China(n=1 674) Southwest China(n=1 186) Northeast China(n=1 076) Total 7 regions(n=9 057) χ2 value P value
Urban and rural distribution, n(%) 136.422 < 0.01
  City/County/District 957 (44.6) 498 (64.1) 573 (45.4) 422 (45.1) 925 (55.3) 646 (54.5) 515 (47.9) 4 536 (50.1)
  Town and rural areas 1 189 (55.4) 279 (35.9) 690 (54.6) 513 (54.9) 749 (44.7) 540 (45.5) 561 (52.1) 4 521 (49.9)
Gender, n(%) 58.503 < 0.01
  Male 1 161 (54.1) 346 (44.5) 536 (42.4) 490 (52.4) 853 (51.0) 573 (48.3) 560 (52.0) 4 519 (49.9)
  Female 985 (45.9) 431 (55.5) 727 (57.6) 445 (47.6) 821 (49.0) 613 (51.7) 516 (48.0) 4 538 (50.1)
Age/years, n(%) 629.619 < 0.01
  14 32 (1.5) 8 (1.0) 12 (1.0) 67 (7.2) 25 (1.5) 19 (1.6) 45 (4.2) 208 (2.3)
  15 677 (31.5) 214 (27.5) 276 (21.9) 402 (43.0) 313 (18.7) 277 (23.4) 266 (24.7) 2 425 (26.8)
  16 922 (43.0) 377 (48.5) 520 (41.2) 354 (37.9) 647 (38.6) 465 (39.2) 436 (40.5) 3 721 (41.1)
  17 422 (19.7) 169 (21.8) 343 (27.2) 98 (10.5) 512 (30.6) 355 (29.9) 280 (26.0) 2 179 (24.1)
  18 93 (4.3) 9 (1.2) 112 (8.9) 14 (1.5) 177 (10.6) 70 (5.9) 49 (4.6) 524 (5.8)

Table 2

Comparison of health literacy scores among high school students in different groups of seven regions of China"

Items Health literacy scores, M (P25, P75) H/U value P value
Geographical area 370.51 < 0.01
  East China 39 (22, 45)
  South China 44 (38, 50)
  North China 40 (33, 45)
  Central China 43 (38, 47)
  Northwest China 40 (33, 45)
  Southwest China 41 (36, 46)
  Northeast China 38 (29, 43)
Annual household income/(×10 000 yuan) 284.43 < 0.01
  Below 1 37 (20, 44)
  1-2.49 40 (33, 45)
  2.5-4.99 41 (35, 46)
  5-7.99 42 (36, 47)
  8-9.99 41 (35, 46)
  Above 10 42 (33, 47)
Father’s education level 375.21 < 0.01
  Below junior college 41 (34, 46)
  Junior college 42 (36, 47)
  Undergraduate graduation 37 (18, 45)
  Master’s degree or above 19 (15, 39)
Mother’s education level 20.06 < 0.01
  Below junior college 41 (33, 46)
  Junior college 41 (30, 46)
  Undergraduate graduation 40 (28, 46)
  Master’s degree or above 38 (21, 45)
Age/years 19.72 < 0.01
  14 41 (36, 46)
  15 41 (34, 46)
  16 40 (32, 46)
  17 40 (33, 45)
  18 40 (33, 46)
Urban and rural distribution 8 253 447.50 < 0.01
  City/County/District 42 (36, 47)
  Town and rural areas 39 (29, 44)
Gender 9 212 425.00 < 0.01
  Male 40 (30, 45)
  Female 41 (35, 46)

Table 3

Comparison of average daily sitting time (hours) among high school students in seven regions of China"

Items Average daily sitting time/h, M (P25, P75) H/U value P value
Geographical area 302.06 < 0.01
  East China 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  South China 9.00 (7.00, 12.00)
  North China 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Central China 10.00 (8.00, 13.00)
  Northwest China 8.00 (7.00, 10.00)
  Southwest China 9.50 (7.38, 11.00)
  Northeast China 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
Annual household income/(×10 000 yuan) 306.47 < 0.01
  Below 1 8.00 (6.00, 10.00)
  1-2.49 9.00 (8.00, 11.00)
  2.5-4.99 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  5-7.99 10.00 (7.00, 12.00)
  8-9.99 10.00 (8.00, 11.00)
  Above 10 11.00 (8.00, 12.00)
Father’s education level 65.62 < 0.01
  Below junior college 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Junior college 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Undergraduate graduation 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Master’s degree or above 10.00 (7.00, 12.00)
Mother’s education level 183.23 < 0.01
  Below junior college 10.00 (7.00, 12.00)
  Junior college 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Undergraduate graduation 10.00 (8.00, 13.00)
  Master’s degree or above 13.00 (10.00, 15.00)
Age/years 7.85 0.097
  14 9.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  15 10.00 (7.00, 12.00)
  16 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  17 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  18 10.00 (7.50, 11.00)
Urban and rural distribution 7 997 613.00 0.53
  City/County/District 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Town and rural areas 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
Gender 6 844 683.00 < 0.01
  Male 10.00 (8.00, 12.00)
  Female 9.00 (7.00, 11.00)

Table 4

Regression model equation analysis of influencing factors of total score of health literacy"

Items un-Std β Std-error Std β t value P valueMulticollinearity
Tolerance VIF
Independent variable
  Constant 39.36 1.02 38.55 < 0.01
  Household population 0.15 0.10 0.02 1.59 0.11 0.97 1.029
  Father’s education level -4.18 0.17 -0.32 -24.49 < 0.01 0.65 1.544
  Mother’s education level 1.43 0.22 0.09 6.47 < 0.01 0.62 1.623
  Annual household income 1.01 0.07 0.15 13.85 < 0.01 0.91 1.096
  Average daily sitting time -0.08 0.04 -0.02 -2.09 0.04 0.94 1.061
Control variable
  Urban and rural distribution
    City/County/District 3.39 0.23 0.15 14.54 < 0.01 0.97 1.030
    Town and rural areas (refer to nominal variables) 0
  Gender
    Male -2.36 0.23 -0.11 -10.11 < 0.01 0.98 1.026
    Female (refer to nominal variables) 0
  Age/years
    18 -0.23 0.93 -0.01 -0.24 0.81 0.28 3.626
    17 -1.22 0.83 -0.05 -1.47 0.14 0.10 9.718
    16 -1.13 0.82 -0.05 -1.38 0.17 0.08 12.238
    15 -0.79 0.83 -0.03 -0.96 0.34 0.10 10.049
    14 (refer to nominal variables) 0

Table 5

Regression model equation analysis of influencing factors of average daily sitting time"

Items un-Std β Std-error Std β t value P valueMulticollinearity
Tolerance VIF
Independent variable
  Constant 7.67 0.33 23.16 < 0.01
  Total score of health literacy -0.01 0.00 -0.02 -2.09 0.04 0.86 1.16
  Household population -0.02 0.03 -0.01 -0.74 0.46 0.97 1.03
  Father’s education level -0.07 0.05 -0.02 -1.34 0.18 0.60 1.66
  Mother’s education level 0.63 0.07 0.13 9.20 < 0.01 0.62 1.61
  Annual household income 0.28 0.02 0.14 12.52 < 0.01 0.91 1.10
Control variable
  Urban and rural distribution
    City/County/District -0.15 0.07 -0.02 -2.05 0.04 0.95 1.06
    Town and rural areas (refer to nominal variables) 0
  Gender
    Male 0.78 0.07 0.12 10.88 < 0.01 0.98 1.02
    Female (refer to nominal variables) 0
  Age/years
    18 -0.14 0.29 -0.01 -0.48 0.63 0.28 3.63
    17 0.22 0.26 0.03 0.85 0.40 0.10 9.72
    16 0.21 0.25 0.03 0.85 0.40 0.08 12.24
    15 -0.02 0.25 0.00 -0.08 0.94 0.10 10.05
    14 (refer to nominal variables) 0
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