基于不同失能水平的老年人照料需求的影响因素

doi:10.19723/j.issn.1671-167X.2024.03.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Objective: To identify the factors associated with the care needs of the older adults aged 65-105 by age groups, and to compare these factors across different age groups. Methods: A total of 12 244 older adults from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey (CLHLS) conducted in 2018 were included in the analyses. The participants were categorized into three age groups: young-old (aged 65-79), middle-old (aged 80-89), and oldest-old (aged 90-105). The level of disability was measured by the disability index (DI) in four dimensions, reflecting their care needs. Potential factors associated with care needs were selected based on the health ecological model (HEM), including perspectives of personal characteristics, behavioral characteristics, interpersonal network, living and working conditions, and policy environment. Multifactor analysis was performed using multinomial Logistic regression. Results: Among China ' s 12 244 older adults, 43.4% had medium or high care needs. Factors for higher care needs of older adults included higher age, higher number of chronic diseases, no exercise habit, excessive sleep duration (≥9 h/d), depressive tendency, living with children or spouse, and uneducated (all P < 0.05). In addition, the young-old group who were past smokers (OR=2.009, 95% CI: 1.019-3.959), were past drinkers (OR=2.213, 95% CI: 1.141-4.291), and reported self-perceived poverty (OR=2.051, 95% CI: 1.189-3.540), had higher level of care needs. The middle-old group who were female (OR=1.373, 95% CI: 1.038-1.817), never drank alcohol (OR=1.551, 95% CI: 1.059-2.269), and were lack of medical insurance (OR=1.598, 95% CI: 1.053-2.426), and had higher level of care needs. The oldest-old group who were female (medium care needs vs. low care needs: OR=1.412, 95% CI: 1.062-1.878; high care needs vs. low care needs: OR=1.506, 95% CI: 1.137-1.993), reported self-perceived poverty (OR=2.064, 95% CI: 1.282-3.323), and were lack of medical insurance (OR=1.621, 95% CI: 1.148-2.291), and had higher level of care needs. Conclusion: The identical factors associated with care needs across different age groups include age, chronic disease, exercise, sleep, depression, living arrangement, and education. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and economic status are specific factors among the young-old group of the older adults, while gender and medical insurance are specific factors among the middle-old and the oldest-old group of the older adults. We recommend conducting prospective cohort studies and intervention studies among specific age groups on the above factors to provide reliable evidence for policy formulation.

Key words: Care needs, Disability, Aged, Health services needs and demand

CLC Number:

R161.7

Haoyu ZHANG,Yiwen SHI,Wei PAN,Aiping LIU,Xinying SUN,Man LI,Xuxi ZHANG. Factors associated with the care needs of the older adults based on different disability levels[J].Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2024, 56(3): 431-440.

Figures/Tables 3

Table 1

Basic characteristics of participants"

Characteristics	Total^a(n=12 244)	Age group			Statistical value^c	P value^c
Characteristics	Total^a(n=12 244)	65-79 years (n=4 578)	80-89 years (n=3 238)	90-105 years (n=4 428)	Statistical value^c	P value^c
Personal characteristics^b
Gender, n (%)					154.886	< 0.001
Male	5 569 (45.5)	2 321 (50.7)	1 558 (48.1)	1 690 (38.2)
Female	6 675 (54.5)	2 257 (49.3)	1 680 (51.9)	2 738 (61.8)
Age/years, ${\bar x}$±s	84.30±11.18	72.42±4.31	84.13±2.84	96.72±4.54
Ethnic group, n (%)					0.544	0.762
Han ethnic group	10 002 (94.1)	3 772 (94.0)	2 474 (94.1)	3 756 (94.3)
National minority	623 (5.9)	242 (6.0)	156 (5.9)	225 (5.7)
Number of chronic diseases, ${\bar x}$±s	1.59±1.43	1.46±1.43	1.67±1.52	1.66±1.35	14.791	< 0.001
Behavioral characteristics^b
Smoking, n (%)					148.183	< 0.001
Never	8 325 (69.0)	2 915 (64.7)	2 158 (67.6)	3 252 (74.4)
Past smoker	1 818 (15.1)	676 (15.0)	524 (16.4)	618 (14.1)
Current smoker	1 928 (16.0)	917 (20.3)	511 (16.0)	500 (11.4)
Drinking, n (%)					121.913	< 0.001
Never	8 803 (73.2)	3 092 (68.7)	2 338 (73.6)	3 373 (77.6)
Past drinker	1 411 (11.7)	540 (12.0)	398 (12.5)	473 (10.9)
Current drinker	1 809 (15.0)	868 (19.3)	442 (13.9)	499 (11.5)
Exercise, n (%)					623.536	< 0.001
No	8 212 (68.0)	2 568 (56.7)	2 101 (65.7)	3 543 (81.2)
Yes	3 873 (32.0)	1 960 (43.3)	1 095 (34.3)	818 (18.8)
Sleep duration, n (%)					420.634	< 0.001
Short (< 6 h)	4 373 (36.9)	1 747 (38.5)	1 271 (40.1)	1 355 (32.8)
Moderate (6-9 h)	4 329 (36.6)	1 955 (43.1)	1 126 (35.5)	1 248 (30.2)
Long (≥9 h)	3 136 (26.5)	834 (18.4)	773 (24.4)	1 529 (37.0)
Depression, n (%)					57.923	< 0.001
No depressive tendency	4 836 (43.9)	2 173 (48.2)	1 242 (40.4)	1 421 (41.5)
Depressive tendency	6 173 (56.1)	2 333 (51.8)	1 833 (59.6)	2 007 (58.5)
Interpersonal network^b
Living arrangements, n (%)					2 073.006	< 0.001
Living with children	5 971 (48.8)	1 606 (35.1)	1 398 (43.2)	2 967 (67.0)
Living with spouse	3 578 (29.2)	2 239 (48.9)	971 (30.0)	368 (8.3)
Living with others	641 (5.2)	133 (2.9)	113 (3.5)	395 (8.9)
Living alone	2 054 (16.8)	600 (13.1)	756 (23.3)	698 (15.8)
Type of account, n (%)					0.539	0.764
Urban	6 677 (54.5)	2 516 (55.0)	1 759 (54.3)	2 402 (54.2)
Rural	5 567 (45.5)	2 062 (45.0)	1 479 (45.7)	2 026 (45.8)
Area, n (%)					11.780	0.067
Eastern area	5 436 (44.4)	2 075 (45.3)	1 438 (44.4)	1 923 (43.4)
Middle area	3 225 (26.3)	1 201 (26.2)	873 (27.0)	1 151 (26.0)
Western area	3 074 (25.1)	1 111 (24.3)	780 (24.1)	1 183 (26.7)
Northeastern area	509 (4.2)	191 (4.2)	147 (4.5)	171 (3.9)
Living and working conditions^b
Education, n (%)					1 574.230	< 0.001
0 year	5 016 (47.6)	1 009 (25.3)	1 318 (51.1)	2 689 (67.9)
1-6 years	3 513 (33.4)	1 715 (43.0)	867 (33.6)	931 (23.5)
Over 6 years	2 004 (19.0)	1 267 (31.7)	394 (15.3)	343 (8.7)
Retirement security, n (%)					105.410	< 0.001
Yes	3 167 (26.7)	1 353 (30.5)	902 (28.8)	912 (21.2)
No	8 703 (73.3)	3 090 (69.5)	2 226 (71.2)	3 387 (78.8)
Economic status, n (%)					4.268	0.371
Rich	2 371 (19.5)	857 (18.8)	630 (19.6)	884 (20.2)
Moderate	8 504 (70.0)	3 226 (70.9)	2 229 (69.4)	3 049 (69.6)
Poor	1 269 (10.4)	469 (10.3)	354 (11.0)	446 (10.2)
Policy environment^b
Old-age insurance, n (%)					67.264	< 0.001
No	5 853 (50.5)	2 021 (46.4)	1 529 (49.8)	2 303 (55.3)
Yes	5 737 (49.5)	2 333 (53.6)	1 539 (50.2)	1 865 (44.7)
Medical insurance, n (%)					32.616	< 0.001
No	1 347 (11.3)	443 (10.0)	322 (10.2)	582 (13.5)
Yes	10 569 (88.7)	4 008 (90.0)	2 832 (89.8)	3 729 (86.5)
Disability index score & Care needs
Disability index score, ${\bar x}$±s	19.53±23.24	4.64±9.53	15.23±17.61	38.08±24.20	18.603	< 0.001
Low care needs^d, n (%)	6 925 (56.6)	4 097 (89.5)	1 945 (60.1)	883 (19.9)	5 067.526	< 0.001
Middle care needs^d, n (%)	2 029 (16.6)	340 (7.4)	746 (23.0)	943 (21.3)
High care needs^d, n (%)	3 290 (26.9)	141 (3.1)	547 (16.9)	2 602 (58.8)

Table 1

Table 2

Comparison of the characteristics of older adults with different care needs by age groups"

Characteristics	65-79 years (n=4 578)				80-89 years (n=3 238)				90-105 years (n=4 428)
Characteristics	Low care needs^a (n=4 097)	Medium care needs^a (n=340)	High care needs^a (n=141)	Statistical value^b	Low care needs^a (n=1 945)	Medium care needs^a (n=746)	High care needs^a (n=547)	Statistical value^b	Low care needs^a (n=883)	Medium care needs^a (n=943)	High care needs^a (n=2602)	Statistical value^b
Personal characteristics^c
Gender，n (%)				27.177 ***				89.200 ***				217.005 ***
Ma1e	2 131 (52.0)	132 (38.8)	58 (41.1)		1 067 (54.9)	277 (37.1)	214 (39.1)		508 (57.5)	397 (42.1)	785 (30.2)
Fema1e	1 966 (48.0)	208 (61.2)	83 (58.9)		878 (45.1)	469 (62.9)	333 (60.9)		375 (42.5)	546 (57.9)	1 817 (69.8)
Age/years，${\bar x}$±s	72.15±4.27	74.49±4.06	75.39±3.75	83.315 ***	83.59±2.72	84.60±2.80	85.38±2.86	103.752 ***	93.98±3.95	95.56±4.40	98.06±4.24	353.708 ***
Ethnic group，n (%)				0.190				3.922				3.807
Han ethnic group	3 388 (94.0)	269 (93.4)	115 (94.3)		1 481 (94.8)	582 (93.6)	411 (92.4)		714 (93.1)	795 (94.0)	2 247 (94.9)
Nationa1 minority	216 (6.0)	19 (6.6)	7 (5.7)		82 (5.2)	40 (6.4)	34 (7.6)		53 (6.9)	51 (6.0)	121 (5.1)
Number of chronic diseases，${\bar x}$±s	1.39±1.40	1.83±1.59	2.31±1.71	41.094 ***	1.44±1.43	1.85±1.57	2.27±1.58	72.607 ***	1.17±1.25	1.46±1.37	1.89±1.32	112.237 ***
Behavioral characteristics^c
Smoking，n (%)				27.022 ***				41.327 ***				58.949 ***
Never	2 585 (64.1)	234 (69.6)	96 (68.6)		1 213 (63.5)	552 (74.5)	393 (72.6)		592 (67.7)	648 (69.9)	2 012 (78.3)
Past smoker	590 (14.6)	53 (15.8)	33 (23.6)		347 (18.2)	90 (12.1)	87 (16.1)		144 (16.5)	143 (15.4)	331 (12.9)
Current smoker	857 (21.3)	49 (14.6)	11 (7.9)		351 (18.4)	99 (13.4)	61 (11.3)		138 (15.8)	136 (14.7)	226 (8.8)
Drinking，n (%)				30.955 ***				47.651 ***				60.743 ***
Never	2 736 (67.9)	251 (75.6)	105 (76.1)		1 328 (69.5)	585 (80.4)	425 (79.0)		634 (72.9)	671 (72.3)	2 068 (81.2)
Past drinker	476 (11.8)	39 (11.7)	25 (18.1)		261 (13.7)	73 (10.0)	64 (11.9)		97 (11.1)	113 (12.2)	263 (10.3)
Current drinker	818 (20.3)	42 (12.7)	8 (5.8)		323 (16.9)	70 (9.6)	49 (9.1)		139 (16.0)	144 (15.5)	216 (8.5)
Exercise，n (%)				48.260 ***				167.146 ***				312.014 ***
No	2 231 (55.0)	228 (67.9)	109 (78.4)		1 103 (57.3)	545 (74.3)	453 (84.4)		554 (64.3)	688 (74.0)	2 301 (89.6)
Yes	1 822 (45.0)	108 (32.1)	30 (21.6)		822 (42.7)	189 (25.7)	84 (15.6)		308 (35.7)	242 (26.0)	268 (10.4)
S1eep duration，n (%)				38.468 ***				46.293 ***				53.933 ***
Short(< 6 h)	1 540 (37.8)	147 (44.4)	60 (44.8)		719 (37.4)	333 (45.4)	219 (42.6)		297 (33.8)	300 (32.3)	758 (32.6)
Moderate(6-9 h)	1 812 (44.5)	109 (32.9)	34 (25.4)		766 (39.9)	222 (30.2)	138 (26.8)		321 (36.5)	316 (34.1)	611 (26.3)
Long(≥9 h)	719 (17.7)	75 (22.7)	40 (29.9)		437 (22.7)	179 (24.4)	157 (30.5)		262 (29.8)	312 (33.6)	955 (41.1)
Depression，n (%)				83.078 ***				71.157 ***				39.087 ***
No depressive tendency	2 047 (50.4)	99 (30.5)	27 (22.0)		883 (46.0)	240 (33.3)	119 (27.3)		424 (49.3)	381 (43.1)	616 (36.6)
Depressive tendency	2 011 (49.6)	226 (69.5)	96 (78.0)		1 036 (54.0)	480 (66.7)	317 (72.7)		436 (50.7)	504 (56.9)	1 067 (63.4)
Interpersonal network^c
Living arrangements，n (%)				16.387 *				71.741 ***				248.282 ***
Living with children	1 422 (34.7)	120 (35.3)	64 (45.4)		760 (39.1)	340 (45.6)	298 (54.5)		489 (55.4)	575 (61.0)	1 903 (73.1)
Living with spouse	2 028 (49.5)	151 (44.4)	60 (42.6)		653 (33.6)	187 (25.1)	131 (23.9)		146 (16.5)	79 (8.4)	143 (5.5)
Living with others	120 (2.9)	8 (2.4)	5 (3.5)		61 (3.1)	21 (2.8)	31 (5.7)		43 (4.9)	82 (8.7)	270 (10.4)
Living alone	527 (12.9)	61 (17.9)	12 (8.5)		471 (24.2)	198 (26.5)	87 (15.9)		205 (23.2)	207 (22.0)	286 (11.0)
Type of account，n (%)				1.490				4.493				1.199
Urban	2 262 (55.2)	183 (53.8)	71 (50.4)		1 086 (55.8)	389 (52.1)	284 (51.9)		485 (54.9)	523 (55.5)	1 394 (53.6)
Rura1	1 835 (44.8)	157 (46.2)	70 (49.6)		859 (44.2)	357 (47.9)	263 (48.1)		398 (45.1)	420 (44.5)	1 208 (46.4)
Area，n (%)				9.674				8.342				40.106 ***
Eastern area	1 877 (45.8)	147 (43.2)	51 (36.2)		889 (45.7)	319 (42.8)	230 (42.0)		332 (37.6)	418 (44.3)	1 173 (45.1)
Middle area	1 055 (25.8)	99 (29.1)	47 (33.3)		498 (25.6)	210 (28.2)	165 (30.2)		225 (25.5)	226 (24.0)	700 (26.9)
Western area	994 (24.3)	83 (24.4)	34 (24.1)		478 (24.6)	177 (23.7)	125 (22.9)		297 (33.6)	269 (28.5)	617 (23.7)
Northeastern area	171 (4.2)	11 (3.2)	9 (6.4)		80 (4.1)	40 (5.4)	27 (4.9)		29 (3.3)	30 (3.2)	112 (4.3)
Living and working conditions^c
Education，n (%)				152.443 ***				125.298 ***				207.037 ***
0 year	808 (22.5)	139 (48.9)	62 (53.0)		653 (42.2)	384 (63.8)	281 (65.7)		375 (49.0)	524 (62.5)	1 790 (75.9)
1-6 years	1 580 (44.0)	97 (34.2)	38 (32.5)		614 (39.6)	155 (25.7)	98 (22.9)		284 (37.1)	233 (27.8)	414 (17.6)
Over 6 years	1 202 (33.5)	48 (16.9)	17 (14.5)		282 (18.2)	63 (10.5)	49 (11.4)		107 (14.0)	82 (9.8)	154 (6.5)
Retirement security，n (%)				15.339 ***				24.974 ***				27.536 ***
Yes	1 248 (31.4)	76 (23.1)	29 (21.3)		607 (32.1)	166 (23.2)	129 (24.8)		225 (26.1)	222 (24.0)	465 (18.5)
No	2 730 (68.6)	253 (76.9)	107 (78.7)		1 285 (67.9)	550 (76.8)	391 (75.2)		638 (73.9)	702 (76.0)	2 047 (81.5)
Economic status，n (%)				65.108 ***				49.934 ***				47.116 ***
Rich	803 (19.7)	35 (10.4)	19 (13.6)		444 (22.9)	110 (14.9)	76 (14.1)		222 (25.3)	219 (23.4)	443 (17.3)
Moderate	2 896 (71.1)	241 (71.3)	89 (63.6)		1 320 (68.2)	530 (71.7)	379 (70.4)		594 (67.8)	634 (67.8)	1 821 (70.9)
Poor	375 (9.2)	62 (18.3)	32 (22.9)		172 (8.9)	99 (13.4)	83 (15.4)		60 (6.8)	82 (8.8)	304 (11.8)
Policy environment^c
Old-age insurance，n (%)				1.497				1.507				9.023 *
No	1 800 (46.1)	153 (48.4)	68 (50.4)		906 (49.0)	362 (51.6)	261 (50.6)		435 (52.5)	469 (52.5)	1 399 (57.2)
Yes	2 103 (53.9)	163 (51.6)	67 (49.6)		944 (51.0)	340 (48.4)	255 (49.4)		394 (47.5)	424 (47.5)	1 047 (42.8)
Medical insurance, n (%)				3.065				8.856 *				17.389 * * *
No	387 (9.7)	41 (12.6)	15 (11.1)		186 (9.8)	63 (8.7)	73 (13.6)		91 (10.6)	103 (11.2)	388 (15.3)
Yes	3 604 (90.3)	284 (87.4)	120 (88.9)		1705 (90.2)	663 (91.3)	464 (86.4)		765 (89.4)	818 (88.8)	2 146 (84.7)

Table 2

Table 3

Multinomial Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with care needs of older adults in different age groups"

Factors	65-79 years(ref = low care needs)		80-89 years(ref = low care needs)		90-105 years(ref = low care needs)
Factors	Medium care needs^a OR value (95% CI)^b	High care needs^a OR value (95% CI)^b	Medium care needs^a OR value (95% CI)^b	High care needs^a OR value (95% CI)^b	Medium care needs^a OR value (95% CI)^b	High care needs^a OR value (95% CI)^b
Personal characteristics^c
Gender (ref = male)
Fema1e	1.165 (0.789-1.719)	1.173 (0.627-2.196)	1.373 (1.038-1.817) *	1.241 (0.865-1.781)	1.412 (1.062-1.878) *	1.506 (1.137-1.993) **
Age(continuous variab1e)	1.112 (1.075-1.150) ***	1.214 (1.142-1.290) ***	1.134 (1.090-1.180) ***	1.252 (1.190-1.318) ***	1.102 (1.072-1.133) ***	1.229 (1.196-1.264) ***
Number of chronic diseases	1.202(1.099-1.315) ***	1.433 (1.257-1.634) ***	1.218 (1.130-1.312) ***	1.412 (1.292-1.542) ***	1.256 (1.141-1.383) ***	1.590 (1.445-1.749) ***
Behavioral characteristics^c
Smoking(ref=never)
Past smoker	1.375 (0.851-2.220)	2.009 (1.019-3.959) *	0.926 (0.643-1.334)	1.337 (0.868-2.060)	1.315 (0.933-1.855)	1.334 (0.942-1.890)
Current smoker	1.091 (0.688-1.730)	0.576 (0.241-1.379)	1.067 (0.749-1.521)	0.895 (0.549-1.460)	1.119 (0.786-1.592)	0.906 (0.627-1.309)
Drinking(ref=never)
Past drinker	1.176 (0.733-1.886)	2.213 (1.141-4.291) *	0.813 (0.563-1.175)	1.003 (0.641-1.570)	1.109 (0.765-1.606)	1.038 (0.714-1.510)
Current drinker	0.883 (0.570-1.366)	0.649 (0.285-1.476)	0.645 (0.441-0.944) *	0.937 (0.584-1.503)	1.255 (0.895-1.760)	0.861 (0.600-1.236)
Exercise(ref=yes)
No	1.593 (1.184-2.144) **	3.822 (2.186-6.683) ***	1.991 (1.561-2.541) ***	3.743 (2.630-5.327) ***	1.432 (1.109-1.849) **	3.311 (2.511-4.365) ***
Sleep duration [ref=moderate(6-9 h)]
Short(< 6 h)	1.325 (0.970-1.810)	1.617 (0.957-2.733)	1.199 (0.934-1.539)	1.175 (0.845-1.635)	1.037 (0.788-1.364)	1.355 (1.027-1.787) *
Long(≥9 h)	1.608 (1.103-2.344) *	2.616 (1.454-4.706) ***	1.372 (1.028-1.831) *	1.973 (1.376-2.829) ***	1.286 (0.974-1.696)	2.096 (1.587-2.768) ***
Depression (ref = no depressive tendency)
Depressive tendency	2.061 (1.515-2.804) ***	2.321 (1.392-3.868) ***	1.314 (1.042-1.657) *	1.988 (1.458-2.711) ***	1.311 (1.035-1.662) *	1.804 (1.424-2.286) ***
Interpersonal network^c
Living arrangements (ref = living alone)
Living with children	0.988 (0.659-1.481)	3.180 (1.376-7.345) **	1.220 (0.933-1.597)	2.441 (1.671-3.566) ***	1.175 (0.884-1.561)	2.554 (1.888-3.455) ***
Living with spouse	0.994 (0.670-1.474)	2.533 (1.092-5.875) *	1.049 (0.772-1.425)	1.713 (1.108-2.649) *	0.690 (0.457-1.040)	1.550 (1.010-2.378) *
Living with others	0.800 (0.321-1.990)	3.235 (0.858-12.201)	1.361 (0.721-2.570)	3.080 (1.416-6.701) **	1.869 (1.108-3.151) *	3.368 (1.976-5.740) ***
Area(ref=Northeastern area)
Eastern area					1.340 (0.731-2.457)	0.981 (0.551-1.746)
Midd1earea					1.035 (0.549-1.951)	0.795 (0.434-1.454)
Western area					1.010 (0.542-1.883)	0.569 (0.313-1.032)
Living and working conditions^c
Education (ref=over 6 years)
0 year	2.966 (1.891-4.652) ***	3.707 (1.763-7.792) ***	1.582 (1.048-2.387) *	1.487 (0.888-2.490)	1.919 (1.238-2.974) **	2.668 (1.712-4.160) ***
1-6 years	1.302 (0.855-1.980)	1.355 (0.667-2.753)	0.919 (0.622-1.356)	0.900 (0.553-1.465)	1.328 (0.882-2.000)	1.173 (0.769-1.790)
Retirement security (ref = yes)
No	0.874 (0.595-1.283)	0.876 (0.472-1.628)	1.148 (0.851-1.548)	1.187 (0.809-1.741)	0.779 (0.556-1.094)	0.811 (0.574-1.147)
Economic status (ref = rich)
Moderate	1.521 (0.982-2.355)	1.294 (0.667-2.512)	1.280 (0.943-1.736)	1.063 (0.726-1.558)	0.937 (0.708-1.239)	1.093 (0.823-1.451)
Poor	2.051 (1.189-3.540) **	2.216 (0.992-4.950)	1.393 (0.900-2.156)	1.117 (0.642-1.946)	1.301 (0.797-2.123)	2.064 (1.282-3.323) **
Policy environment^c
Old-age insurance (ref= yes)
No					0.857 (0.660-1.113)	0.853 (0.659-1.106)
Medical insurance(ref=yes)
No			0.943 (0.652-1.362)	1.598 (1.053-2.426) *	0.998 (0.693-1.436)	1.621 (1.148-2.291) **

Table 3

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Factors associated with the care needs of the older adults based on different disability levels

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